The Chemistry of Drugs
Delta 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol is the primary psychoactive
constituent of Cannibis sativa, and is bound to two cannabinoid
receptors: CB1 receptors, located primarily in the brain, and CB2
receptors, located primarily in the periphery (Wiley & Martin
2002). A cannabinoid is defined as a substance that has
pharmacological properties that resemble those of delta 9 THC i.e.
" a drug that binds to CB1 and /or CB2 receptors in vitro and
produces a profile of in vivo effects in the tetrad model" (Wiley
2002). THC inhibits the function of the enzyme adenylate cyclase
which is involved in the transmission of pain messages. While
there are over 60 cannibinoids identified in the plant Cannabis
sativa, Delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol is the primary mood altering
psychoactive agent in marijuana. Marijuana effects acetylcholine
synthesis and turnover in the limbic region of the brain and in
the cerebellum. (Harwood 2005)
Eldreth, Matochik Cadet, and Bolla (2004) used PET 15 and a
modified version of the Stroop task to determine if 25 day
abstinent heavy marijuana users experienced persistent deficits in
executive cognitive functioning and brain activity. The
performance on a modified version of the Stroop task and brain
activity was compared between 25 day abstinent, heavy users, and a
matched comparison group. The 25 day abstinent users showed no
deficits in performance on the modified version of the Stroop task
when compared to the comparison group. They also found that
despite the lack of performance differences, the anterior
cingulated cortex and the left lateral prefrontal cortex had
hyperactivity in the hippocampus bilaterally, when compared to the
comparison group. The results suggested that users display
persistent metabolic alterations in brain regions responsible for
executive cognitive functioning. (Eldreth, Matochik, Cadet, &
Bolla 2004).
When performing the Stoop task, marijuana users were found to
have greater activation compared to the comparison group in the
left and right hippocampus. Marijuana users also failed to
activate to the same extent as the comparison group in the left
lateral prefrontal cortex and the left perigenual anterior
cingulated cortex.
According to Gardner (2002) drugs that are addictive to
humans are similar to animal model systems in five ways. First,
drugs enhance electrical brain stimulation reward in the core
meso-accumbens reward circuitry of the brain, a circuit
encompassing that portion of the medial forebrain bundle which
links the ventral tegmental area of the mesencephalic midbrain
Today, Johnson & Johnson is a pharmaceutical giant worth $71 billion. The company is listed on NYSE as JNJ with 2.83 billion shares outstanding with the value of $92.7 per share.
Canada’s parliamentary system is designed to preclude the formation of absolute power. Critics and followers of Canadian politics argue that the Prime Minister of Canada stands alone from the rest of the government. The powers vested in the prime minister, along with the persistent media attention given to the position, reinforce the Prime Minister of Canada’s superior role both in the House of Commons and in the public. The result has led to concerns regarding the power of the prime minister. Hugh Mellon argues that the prime minister of Canada is indeed too powerful. Mellon refers to the prime minister’s control over Canada a prime-ministerial government, where the prime minister encounters few constraints on the usage of his powers. Contrary to Mellon’s view, Paul Barker disagrees with the idea of a prime-ministerial government in Canada. Both perspectives bring up solid points, but the idea of a prime-ministerial government leading to too much power in the hands of the prime minister is an exaggeration. Canada is a country that is too large and complex to be dominated by a single individual. The reality is, the Prime Minister of Canada has limitations from several venues. The Canadian Prime Minister is restricted internally by his other ministers, externally by the other levels of government, the media and globalization.
This paper has argued that the Supreme Court of Canada has adopted a quasi-legislative role in their decision making as a result of the Charter or Rights and Freedoms, 1982.The broad and liberal interpretation of charter language, for better or worse has and will continue to influence Canadian politics and the formulation and adoption of public policy.
Prime Minister Stephen Harper is attempting to further decentralize Canadian government with, what he calls, open federalism. This essay will begin with a discourse on the evolution of Canadian federalism, then exclusively compare Harper’s approach to the proceeding Liberal governments approach, and ultimately explain why Stephen Harper’s “open federalism” methodology is the most controversial form of Canadian federalism yet.
After millions of years that humans separated from their relative primate how is that humans became bipedal. So many changes have happened to the human body to decide to stay on the ground and abandoned their lives in the trees. Primates evolved different body structures according to their lifestyle and the ecosystem in which they lived. As Charles Darwin natural selection stays; it could be as a result of new environments, the need for food and shelter, which forced humans to adapt and survive. Although, most of primates’ anatomy reflects habits of movement, it could be easy to see the external differences but there are many differences that have been intensely studied and researched.
Rory Leishman, (2005). Against Judicial Activism: The Decline of Freedom and Democracy in Canada. 1st ed. Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press.
David Kilgour and John Kirsner (1988), “Party Discipline and Canadian Democracy”, retrieved February 22nd, 2011 from http://www2.parl.gc.ca/sites/lop/infoparl/english/issue.asp?param=126&art=777.
Cameron, David R., and Jacqueline D. Krikorian. "Recognizing Quebec in the Constitution of Canada: Using the Bilateral Constitutional Amendment Process." University of Toronto Law Journal, 2008: 389-420.
useful in the relief of mild to moderate pain. It is also used as a cough remedy
The evolution of the human species has significantly changed during the course of evolution to what is now the modern day Homo sapiens. Some of the changes that have occurred through the evolution are bipedalism, changes in body features such as brow ridges, and an increase in brain capacity.
Author, Andrew Johns, in his journal, “Psychiatric Effects of Cannabis,” analyzes the dangers of the drug to human beings. John’s aims to find out the effects of the drug to its users, the rehabilitation process for addicts, and the subsequent damages caused by addiction. He adopts a resilient tone to encourage determination in fighting addiction and use of cannabis to his readers.
What evidence shows the changing from the early hominids to the modern humans? Throughout the human evolution body parts like legs and harms have changed for the better. By the early hominids being biped, meaning they are able to stand and even walk on two feet, it helped them to be able to do more things like getting around more and help with their tool making and hunting. A lot of the fossils discovered were found in the Great Rift Valley in East Africa, which contained many different lakes and small rivers. For many years researchers have been finding new species. These species have been named Australopithicus, robust australopithecines , Orrorin tugenensis, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, neanderthal, and Homo sapiens. These early hominids and modern humans really show off how the features and behaviors have really changed in time.
In some people's opinion drug abuse is a choice, and some believe it is forced upon due to peer pressure or the pressures of life. Some people are able to use prescription drugs without ever experiencing negative consequences or addiction. Even though some drugs are not considered hazardous if they are plant based or are only used occasionally in a controlled manner, it can still result in severe consequences. The use of unprescribed drugs should just be avoided in the first place, if not for a legitmate medical use. Drugs can lead to an unhealthy lifestyle, and can cause serious damage physically and mentally. The reasoning for my stern opinion that unhealthy drug use is overall problematic, is due to the experience of losing my best friend from drug abuse.
The United States Department of Agriculture, (USDA), prioritizes school breakfast (Coles, 2000). The School Breakfast Program was just introduced in 1966. When introduced, the program was a temporary measure through the Child Nutrition Act of 1966. The basis for the implementation of this program was to accommodate children in areas where they had long bus rides to school and in areas where many mothers were in the work force.
Intro: Organic chemistry is the scientific study of the structure of organic compounds. This includes the properties of the compounds and what occurs during chemical reactions. The structure of these compounds is found through analysing the results of Ultra violet spectroscopy. There have been many famous chemists over time who have made some ground breaking discoveries. None more so than R.B Woodward who almost single handily revolutionised the field of organic chemistry, winning a Nobel Prize in 1965 for his work on organic synthesis.