Julia Ward Howe: More than the Battle Hymn
"Mine Eyes have seen the coming of the Glory of the Lord…." Almost effortlessly the rest of the familiar tune comes rolling off the tongue. The battle Hymn of the Republic, a traditional and powerful patriotic hymn, will undoubtedly remain that way for years to come. However is the average American able to place a face with that tune? Julia Ward Howe was the bright mind behind the Battle Hymn, but she did not stop there. Howe's life and poetry succeeded in meshing contrasting religions and beliefs, as well as strengthen and challenge the freedoms of women during her time.
In New York City, in the year 1819, Julia Ward was born into a strict Episcopalian Calvinist Family. Loosing her mother at a young age, Julia was raised by her father and an aunt. Not long after her mothers death Julia's father, a successful banker in the city, passed away, leaving Julia in the sole custody of her uncle. During her childhood she had been brought up believing in the strict and conservative views of Calvinism. Julia's mind was filled with the ideas and principles behind predestination and ramus logic, always encouraged to look for the hand of God first and then base everything else in society off of the premises she was taught (30). After the death of her father, Julia began searching for deeper meaning. She went through an intense period of revival as she attended church and became more and more involved with religious activities in the city. She soon began to notice, however, that men dominated this new conviction. Men wrote the sermons, men published the books, and men told her what she needed to do to become closer to God. Soon Julia's strict Calvinist kick would end (48). Prompted by Mary Ward, Julia took a winter "off" from any outside influences to get her thoughts in order. After this time she began to read and research Ralph Waldo Emerson. Emerson's introduction into Transcendentalism offered Julia the presence of God without the dominating male authority. Transcendentalism theory stressed the immanence of God and his active presence in everyone's life. She agreed with the idea that the bible was not meant to be taken literally, but that one's own intuition could lead to an understanding of God. These new and radical views for her time, coupled with her Calvinist upbringing, seems like it would be the recipe for disaster.
...influenza pandemic in one way or another; the use of quarantines were extremely prevalent among them. Also, the pandemic is directly responsible for the creation of many health organizations across the globe. The organizations help track and research illnesses across the globe. The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) for example, strive to prevent epidemics and pandemics. They also provide a governing body with directives to follow in case an outbreak does occur, and if one shall occur the efforts of organizations across the globe will be crucial for its containment. It is amazing that with modern medicine and proper organization that influenza still manages to make its appearance across the globe annually.
...ions that I thought I would do if I were put in his position. I could not relate relate to everything like his mother leaving, drug problems, pregnant girlfriends, and living in some much poverty. Despite all that I feel like I understood why he did the things he did and the choices he made. It was a great way to learn of how someone else grew up and struggled through life to accomplish something most people take for granted everyday.
Starting in his younger years, Edwards struggled with accepting the Calvinist sovereignty of God. Various circumstances throughout Edward’s own personal life led to him later believing in the sovereignty of God. Jonathan Edwards is known greatly as a key figure in what has come to be called the First Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s. Fleeing from his grandfather’s original perspective by not continuing his practice of open communion, there was a struggle to maintain that relationship. Edward’s believed that physical objects are only collections of sensible ideas, which gives good reasoning for his strong religious belief system.
Because of their Puritanical beliefs, it is no surprise that the major theme that runs throughout Mary Rowlandson and Jonathan Edwards’s writings is religion. This aspect of religion is apparent in not only the constant mentions about God himself, but also in the heavy use of biblical scriptures. In their respective writings, Rowlandson and Edwards utilize scripture, but for different purposes; one uses it to convey that good and bad events happen solely because of God’s will, and the other uses it, in one instance, to illustrate how it brought him closer to God, and, in another instance, to justify his harsh claims about God’s powerful wrath.
He was a man whose very words struck fear into the hearts of his listeners. Acknowledged as one of the most powerful religious speakers of the era, he spearheaded the Great Awakening. “This was a time when the intense fervor of the first Puritans had subsided somewhat” (Heyrmen 1) due to a resurgence of religious zeal (Stein 1) in colonists through faith rather than predestination. Jonathan Edwards however sought to arouse the religious intensity of the colonists (Edwards 1) through his preaching. But how and why was Edwards so successful? What influenced him? How did he use diction and symbolism to persuade his listener, and what was the reaction to his teachings? In order to understand these questions one must look at his life and works to understand how he was successful. In his most influential sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”, Jonathan Edwards’ persuasive language awakened the religious fervor that lay dormant in colonial Americans and made him the most famous puritan minister of the Great Awakening in North America.
The story of Celia Garth is about a 20 year old woman trying to make a living as a seamstress in Charleston, South Carolina during the Revolutionary war. The author does a great job of setting up the scenes of the town and plantations, and the history of the time. We follow Celia and her friends through the siege of Charleston by the British, living through the constant shelling and lack of food until the final surrender. At first, things seem normal after the surrender and Celia begins to build a new life, but tragedy strikes after the British go back on their promises and Celia must start life fresh. Now while working as a seamstress Celia is also a bit of a "spy" for the colonials. The story is showing the audience anyone can do anything.
Mary Rowlandson’s memoir The Sovereignty and Goodness of God was indeed a compelling, thorough and praise worthy piece of literature. Rowlandson, not only recollected a chapter of her life, she delivered a solid visual of the circumstances during Metacom’s War. Rowlandson being a minister’s wife, a Puritan and pious women, gives us her journey with the Indians. Without any hesitation she narrates the journey she experienced and in the following essay, I will be discussing portions of her journey, and the significance of religion in her life.
In Innocent Voices, directed by Luis Mandoki and Maria Full of Grace, directed by Joshua Marston, Chava and Maria struggle with abuse in Latin America. In Innocent Voices, Chava, struggling for an average childhood in El Salvador, is hard-pressed to avoid the war which is raving around him. In Maria Full of Grace, Maria's floriculture income helps her family until she is fired. Her lack of a job, makes her accept a job as a drug mule where she will fly to the United States with cocaine inside her. Chava and Maria achieve contradictory positions as humans determining their stance within violence going on in Latin American.
Inner Body. "Becoming a Clinical Psychologist." InnerBody. Inner Body Careers, 23 Feb. 2014. Web. 23 Feb. 2014.
God is presented as being all-powerful and all-knowing. He’s aware of all the shortcomings and misdeeds of humanity for every individual person. The existence of God and the afterlife are two questions that merely rely on the matter of faith and belief. Jonathan Edwards and Anne Bradstreet both have relatively similar religious beliefs; however, their individual view point on God could not be further aside from one another. Jonathan Edwards preaches a literal fear of an arbitrary, unpredictable and vengeful God (Baird). Anne Bradstreet, on the other hand, believed with human error in a loving, trustworthy God.(Baird) It is almost unimaginable that these two authors’ views are traced back to puritanism due to their vast differences.
Within three Puritan works, Rowlandson and Edwards displayed their religious beliefs through their thoughts on God and mankind. One of the many Puritan beliefs was that the bible is the basis of all teaching. Such examples of this are evident in Mary Rowlandson’s work “Captivity”. Even though she was a captive, she still took note of “the wonderful mercy of God” for the simple fact that He “[sent her] a bible” (Rowlandson 67). Feeling lost, the bible brought her back to her faith in a time of need, and enlightened her on the hope that “there was mercy promised again”(67). From then on she looked to the Bible for guidance in times of despair. Throughout her imprisonment, she often pondered about “the wonderful goodness of God” when she felt anguish (66).
The real war was among spiritual powers. By the time the precocious Jonathan was old enough to read, he would have discovered that one of the most fascinating book in his father’s library was uncle’s The Redeemed Captive, Returning to Zion. John Williams’ vivid narratives recounted the horrors of the Indians attacks. It was an awful plight of the souls of poor Indians subject to the deceptions of antichrist. Jonathan, his only son, followed closely in his father’s footstep (Marsden 15 – 17). Jonathan Edwards from 1703 – 1758 was perhaps the outstanding American theologian and certainly the ablest American philosopher to writer before the great period of Charles S. Peirce in 1839 to 1914, William James in 1842 to 1910, Josiah Royce in 1855 to 1916, John Dewey 1859 to 1952, and George Santayana 1863 to 1952 they were judged over two centuries, but Jonathan Edwards stands out as one of America’s great original minds. He was considered as the foundation stone in the history of American philosophy and the unique theological and philosophical formulated (Zakai 29). Edwards was born in the east parish of Windsor, now the town of South Windsor, Connecticut on October 5, 1703. He was the only son in a family of eleven children his parent were Rev. Timothy Edwards and Esther Stoddard Edwards the daughter of the Rev. Solomon Stoddard of Northampton, Massachusetts. During Edwards’s youth, he was nurtured and instructed in Reformed theology and the practice of puritan piety. At age of thirteen he was admitted to Yale College in 1718 because his father was tutoring at the Yale College he find easily. Edwards’s course of study was including classical and biblical languages, logic, and natural philosophy. When Edwards was at Yale College in 1717 to 1718, he was inspired by the philosopher of Mr. Locke and Sir Isaac Newton. He became acquainted with the ideas of the scientific revelation and the early
Anne Bradstreet and Jonathan Edwards were both Christians who had great faith in God and put Him first in their lives. They were both aware of God’s almighty power and that God had greater plans for mankind than what was visible on Earth. Their core way of thinking was similar but their personal understanding of God’s nature was strikingly different. Bradstreet saw a kind and compassionate God and Edwards saw a harsh and jealous God. However, both knew that eternal life awaited those who accepted God into their hearts.
Greenfield, D. (2007). Introduction to forensic psychology. issues and controversies in crime and justice. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 35(2), 201-201-204,105-106.
I am currently taking Maths, Chemistry and Biology to Advanced Higher, all of which are challenging and stimulating subjects. They have all influenced me in different ways and were integral in my decision to pursue a degree in Chemical Engineering. They have also helped me obtain a foundation of core skills and extended knowledge to hopefully prepare me undertaking my desired degree. There is no doubt that Maths and chemistry have helped fine tune and advance my problem solving skills and think in a more logical manner, all of which I believe to be essential for this degree.