A Critical Evaluation of Charles De Gaulle's Handling of the Algerian Insurrection
The 1950s was not a particularly good decade for France. The Fourth Republic, which had been established in the aftermath of the Second World War, remained unstable and lurched from crisis to crisis. Between 1946 and 1954, there had been a war in French Indo-China, between a nationalist force under Ho Chi Minh and the French. The war was long and bitter and towards the end, the French suffered the ignominy of losing the major fortress of Dien Bien Phu to the guerrillas on 7 May 1954. An armistice was sought with Ho Chi Minh, and the nations of North and South Vietnam emerged from the ashes of the colony. It is entirely likely that the success of the guerrillas influenced the Algerian insurrectionists, the National Liberation Front(FLN), in tactics and in the idea that the time was ripe to strike. It is clear that the FLN employed similar methods to those developed by the nationalists under Ho Chi Minh.1
For several months, France was at peace. The insurrection began on 1 November 1954. The insurrection precipitated the fall of the Fourth Republic. Charles de Gaulle, hero of the Second World War, became President of France in 1958, and was intent on securing a political solution to the insurrection, rather than one based on force. His efforts were largely successful in avoiding a civil war in France, and ending the insurgency - although it took four years to do so. It has been estimated that more than a million Algerians died in the insurrection.2
Before 1954, Algeria was not considered to be a French colony - rather it was seen as an integral part of France. The region was composed of departments, like those of the mainland. There were over a million white French nationals living in Algeria at the time and around eight million Muslims.3 This was a greater proportion of French nationals than in the other major North African colonies of France - Morocco, and Tunisia.4 Although there were benefits to remaining with France, the colonial administration was heavily weighed against the Muslims - particularly with regards to voting rights. In 1936, for instance, the Popular Front Government of Blum introduced legislation to the Assembly proposing to extend French citizenship to over twenty thousand Algerian Muslims.5 The initiative failed when all the European mayors of Algerian towns resigned in protest.
De Gaulle and the Achievement of Independence in Algeria Algeria underwent a long struggle to gain independence from France. Its people had seemed to be happy with the colonisation of its country until France was occupied by Germany in the Second World War. This defeat along with others in Vietnam and other colonies proved to the Algerians that France was not the superpower they had once believed it was, and nationalist feelings began to grow. As the nationalist movement grew it became known as the FLN. At first its support was very small, many Algerians cautious of the extremists, they were happy with the peace that they lived with although they were exploited, not many complained.
In this reading, Long discusses the history of Vietnamese resistance to colonial and oppressive forces. Long states that American historians and statesman claim that other factors contributed to the disastrous conclusion of the Vietnam war, but that the real truth is that the American’s were not prepared to meet such a formidable foe. The Vietnamese had been resisting the Chinese for over 1,000 years and had held on; when the French arrived the same policy of resistance was practiced. Ultimately, due to the oppressive nature of the French and WWII, the French were ousted and a new communist government under Ho Chi Minh was established. Having just been under an oppressive force, and being very knowledgeable about how to deal with oppression, the American’s were caught by surprise.
One of the most common uncertainties couples go through nowadays is making the decision of moving in with their significant other before marriage. In spite of the fact that, most religions disapprove this kind of act, couples believe that this will help their relationship lead into the direction of marriage. This is not always true. A woman named Meg Gay writes an excellent article in The New York Times called, “The Downside of Cohabiting Before Marriage.” Her point is straight to it because her opinion is stated in the title of her article. Meg Gay is a clinical psychologist at the University of Virginia, who confesses about one of her own clients stories about cohabiting and a failed marriage because of it. Her intended audience seems to be for people who may be in a relationship, or couples who are thinking about cohabitating before getting married with their partner. She definitely makes an impression on her readers to second guess themselves about the idea of cohabiting with their partners so that they will have a successful marriage, not just a temporary partner.
Charles Andre Marie Joseph de Gaulle was born on November 22, 1890 in Lille, France to two Catholic parents, Henri and Jeanne de Gaulle. He cherished reading stories. Even more so, de Gaulle liked the stories that were about war heroes. He even played war with his friends. When he played war, he demanded to represent France (Early life de Gaulle). The de Gaulle family was originally formed in Northern France for five centuries back, before Charles Andre de Gaulle. Until the eighteenth century, the de Gaulle family ranked as petite noblesse d’e’pe’e, also known as the sword- bearing officer class. This was not one of the high-ranking family titles. It was an upper-middle-class.
The museum I chose to visit this week was the North Carolina Museum of History located in Raleigh, North Carolina on March 13, 2014. It was a good time for this assignment because we were traveling this week to North Carolina so it made a great stop for us during our stay. Taking World Cultures has given me a new perspective on the foundation of our history and heritage. North Carolina holds a large amount of history for the United States. It was one of the original 13 colonies and was the first state to declare its independence from the British. North Carolina was known for its slave planation system to cultivate tobacco and cotton to be exported. An exhibit that I found to be interesting at the North Carolina Museum of History was The Story of North Carolina. This museum is the largest exhibit ever produced at the N.C. Museum of History. This exhibit is one that would inspire anyone new or visiting the state to experience the history of North Carolina and to develop more of an appreciation and understanding of the culture and communities.
The country’s first cases of HIV were detected in 1982. About 2.6 million Ugandans were infected while 1.6 million people lost their lives to the HIV/AIDS illness. HIV/AIDS is a massive issue which currently, 7.2 percent of Uganda’s population is living with. 90% of HIV cases are discovered in developing countries and Uganda has the 7th highest number of HIV cases reported all over the world. This amounts to an estimated 1.4 million people, which includes approximately 190,000 children. In 2011 an estimated 62,000 people died from AIDS and 1.1 million children have been orphaned due to the virus. HIV is more common in women at 5.4 percent, compared to 2.4 percent prevalence rate amongst men. Developing countries such as Uganda have less money to support their basic necessities. Majority of these people do not have enough money to purchase health care to help keep them safe from the virus. As well in Uganda there is a lack of education about how HIV/AIDS is transmitted. Children need to be educate...
People think divorce is always an option so it’s what they choose to do. A lot of couples do not focus on their relationship and get help, they would rather split and go their separate ways. This subject has widen my opinions on cohabitating and I believe it isn’t for everyone. Different people have different ways of living and it can be challenging living with another person. I, however, am a person that accepts change and looks at the positive things. I work on relationships until there is no hope. When I get married and discover troubles in the marriage, I would do my best to work on our relationship. Divorce is something I don’t want to go through, it is a difficult process and can indefinitely ruin the relationship. All in all, I will keep this research in the back of my mind. It is a very interesting topic to study about and everyone should be informed about it. It can be troubling when a person is not aware that cohabitating before marriage can ruin the relationship or later marriage. I hope that this research has been an eye-opener for the reader as well. I hope that in my future, I do not become the negative statistic of premarital cohabitation. It is not something I see in my future ahead of me, but anything can happen. In today’s society, cohabitation is a common thing for couples and maybe the statistics will change with time. The negative impacts will hopefully in turn disappear and nothing but good will come out of
President Lincoln’s speech “The Gettysburg Address” was extremely influential on the nation. In this speech Lincoln addresses where the United States was at this time, where the nation had been before, and where the nation was going in the future. He motivated America to come together and unite as one, and stated we as a nation must not let our soldiers die in vain. Throughout the speech he uses strong diction, and appeals to ethos and pathos.
Another venerable cultural attraction that travelers to North Carolina are sure to love is the North Carolina Art Museum in Raleigh. This fabulous museum features exhibits showcasing the artwork of numerous North Carolina artists. With dazzling stone and bronze sculptures standing as sentinels at the entrance, visitors are sure to be awestruck by the magnificent art on display at this spectacular attraction. Overall, the two stories o...
Continuing into the first chapter, the introduction on to explain the basic background of the story. After World War II, Germany became divided into two parts: West Germany, or the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), and East Germany, or the German Democratic Republic (GDR). West Germany was controlled by the British, French, and American allied forces. East Germany was controlled solely by the Soviet Union. The division of Germany was supposed to be temporary to help speed up the reconstruction after the destruction of the war. However, the permanent division was a result of the Cold War. The Western allies all agreed on a common currency for their occupation zones, but the Soviet Union refused to participate. The tension continued to build, and the Western allies decided to declare their zones the “Federal Republic of Germany,” while the Soviets declared their zone the “German Democratic Republic.” As with the rest of Germany, the city of Berlin was also divided between the Western allies and the Soviet Union. In 1961, Germany became physically and totally divided when the Soviet Union built the Berlin Wall around the three Western sectors to keep their residents from travelling there. The FRG drafted the Basic Law as the temporary foundation of the new state. Under this Basic Law, the FRG developed one of the strongest political institutions in German history. On the other hand, even though the
The French occupation is a confrontation between exported modernity and an old regime: the French revolutionaries and their dominance over the Ottoman social order that is markedly different in contrast; and, al-Jabarti reports on how it transfers cross-culturally. Levels of contestation, open and/or secretive acceptances give way to losses and gains driven by high emotion – even for this writer. He “describes very carefully every step in the negotiation of the organization of society, from administration to inheritance, from property to charity or from justice to deliberation.”
Half of the world’s cases are found in what is referred to as the AIDS belt, a chain of countries in eastern and southern Africa that is home to two percent of the global population. The main vehicle for spreading HIV throughout Africa is heterosexual intercourse. In contrast, this is the opposite compared to the U.S. where the virus is usually transmitted through homosexual intercourse or contaminated syringes shared by drug users. Besides heterosexual intercourse, HIV transmission through transfusion and contaminated medical equipment is common in sub-Saharan Africa. Africans infected with HIV die much sooner after diagnosis than HIV infected people in other parts of the world. In industrialized countries, the survival time after diagnosis of AIDS ranges from 9 to 26 months, but in Africa the survival time for patients is 5 to 9 months (UNAIDS 3). Factors, such as lower access to health care, poorer quality of health care services, poorer levels of average health and nutrition, and greater exposure to pathogens that cause infection all contribute to the shorter survival in Africa. It is difficult to stop the flood of AIDS cases in Africa because it is not yet known by researchers the factors that contribute to outstanding prevalence of the disease among heterosexuals. This diagnosis will help determine how likely it is that heterosexual epidemics will spread to Asia or the West.
7.8 million Couples are living together without walking down the aisle (Census 4). Cohabitation has become more common in the last few years because of its many benefits; offering more room for the independence of oneself, personal growth, economic benefits, and adapting to one and other. There is neither the wrong time nor requirements for cohabitation to take place. Moving in with your partner before being married is no longer a commitment that people nowadays pursue. Past generations should approve cohabitating relationships because they can find happiness among each other without any compromise, couples also agree that living together resembles marriage, and they are convinced that it may prevent a divorce in the future despite opposing
In the last fifty years the German Democratic Republic has been a nonstop changing country. In Germany, the terms “East” and “West” do not just represent geographically regions. It runs much deeper than that, and there is still a large gap in the way of life, and political and social conditions of the whole country. While most German’s were sleeping on the night of August 13, 1961, the East German government began closing its borders. In the early morning of that Sunday, most of the first work was done: the border to West Berlin was closed. The East German troops had begun to tear up streets and to install barbed wire entanglement and fences through Berlin. Between 1961 and today, the Berlin Wall saw many changes, and so did the people that it entrapped.
Nowadays, the pre-martial cohabitation concept has been widely used across many places. The current generation tends to cohabit outside of marriage at least once in their lifetime.