Manufacture Of Iron By Blast Furnace Process
Iron is a naturally occurring element in its ore form (Haematite),
however for iron to be of any use the impurities must be removed. This
is done by a process involving a blast furnace. Extremely high
temperature in the range of 870°C are reached within the blast furnace
and this heat causes reactions to occur within the blast furnace that
remove some of the impurities from the iron ore. The materials placed
in the blast furnace are iron ore, coke and limestone. Coke is the
reducing agent [substance that causes the substance it is reacting
with to be reduced and in turn is oxidised], when hot air is blasted
into the furnace it reacts with the coke to form carbon monoxide, this
carbon monoxide then goes on to react with the iron oxides which are
present in the iron ore to reduce [removal of oxygen from a substance]
the oxides to metallic iron. The limestone is simply present to react
with the impurities removed from the ore forming calcium silicate.
Without the limestone Iron Silicate would form therefore reducing the
yield of metallic iron. The Calcium Silicate and other impurities sit
on top of the molten metallic iron forming a layer known as slag.
Therefore the metallic iron can be tapped off and removed for further
refining.
Below is a diagram of a blast furnace you can see at the top the
reactants are fed into the blast furnace and at the bottom the molten
iron is being tapped off and taken away in carriages.
[IMAGE]
There is a lot of waste products in the layer of slag that is formed
when the process of obtaining molten iron is carried out. The table
below shows the usual composition of slag showing the different waste
products created:
Name of Compound
Symbol of compound
Percentage Composition
Calcium oxide
CaO
38%
Silicon dioxide
SiO2
36%
Alumina
Al2O 3
12%
party in the past placed hazardous wastes there. ( The seller of a foundry was
Iron is a trace element, which is a group of minerals present in small quantities in the body. Other trace elements include copper, zinc, selenium, manganese and iodine. These minerals cannot be synthesized by the body and must therefore be supplied in the diet. Iron is the most common trace element in the human body; adult males have approximately 3.5 g iron in total, or 50 mg per kg body weight while females have about 2g total iron or 35 mg per kg bodyweight. Iron can exist in oxidation states from -2 to +6, but mainly exists in the ferrous (+2) and ferric (+3) states in biological systems. As iron has the ability to accept and donate electrons readily, it can interconvert between these two forms with ease. Thus, iron can participate in
Out of this furnace, a novel by Thomas bell, a historical story about two characters George kracha and mike Dobrejcak. Although George and Mike were Slovakian they had different households. George kracha is an immigrant that arrived in New York in 1881, he worked in railroads, and steel mills in western Pennsylvania. After quitting the steel mills, he started his own meat market it was a success until his business started falling apart because of poor investing decisions he made. Mike Dobrejcak, who married Mary the daughter of George kracha. Mike also worked in steel mills like George, the job wasn’t something that could help their families. Mike started working when he was twelve years old, and he came as an immigrant when he was fourteen
waste to be formed. This waste is very dangerous since it remains radioactive for hundreds of
plastic it gets thrown into huge piles in an excluded area. Plastic is non-degradable so it
Industries spend millions of dollars to clean up hazardous wastes. Just one 55-gallon drum of waste can contaminate a lot of soil and water. Although new regulations ban traditional landfill waste, it was not long ago that hazardous waste was routinely dumped in landfills and at many manufacturing sites.
chemicals. In order to avoid polluting the water we spread the manure and slurry when
Waste incineration units produce a lot of carbon dioxide gas approximately around one third of the greenhouse gasses. It also impacts people’s health as they get exposed to the toxic emissions by breathing in the air or consuming contaminated food and water. Additionally, when the garbage gets burnt by the incinerators they end up as ashes which are then emitted from the chimneys, including the toxic materials and end up in specialist landfill sites for hazardous waste.
One of the most usually used methods for disposing E-waste is to bury it. Mining voids or borrow depths can be used in land filling. E-wastes ending up as landfills may release pollutants to the environment after some years by natural ways. Leaching some wastes such as batteries may possibly release acids and heavy metals like: mercury, nickel, and cadmium. Moreover, E-wastes landfills may pollute groundwater (Schmidt, 2002; Yang, 1993). Diffusing to the land, polluted water will mix with other water sources such as rivers and streams hence reaching animals and humans (Kasassi et al., 2008). Organic and decayed materials in landfills decompose and penetrate through the soil as landfill leachate containing high concentrations of polluting substances
Phase one in process of waste water treatment begins in the home, local businesses and community. Waste water from these buildings and surrounding areas travel through a pipe, or sewer which is sloped downward, and with the assistance of gravity, travels toward the waste water treatment plant. However, in larger communities or communities with unevenly leveled terrain, waste water cannot keep getting deeper to rely on gravity to transport the waste water and must pumped up by the assistance of a lift station so it may continue to travel to the water treatment plant. Once the waste water arrives at the waste water treatment plant, the first step is the removal of large debris such as diapers, underwear or other non-biological...
Solid waste can be classified as all waste materials except hazardous waste, liquid waste and atmospheric emissions (Liu & Liptak, 2000). The world consumption of non- renewable sources of energy as raw materials are predominantly getting depleted and on the contrary waste produced is increasing massively, solid waste is one of the major problems faced by the world and the construction industry today. In New Zealand, construction and demolition waste produced constitutes a high percentage of the total solid waste produced in the country. The Ministry for Environment reports around 1 million tonnes of construction and demolition waste goes to landfills each year and about 40% of that originates from residential construction.
...or lakes (Weber 2). When people just dump waste products instead of recycling, it is a misuse of the soil and can contribute to serious health conditions in animals, plants and humans.
In past few years, companies and industries of various sizes have become aware that they need to improve business processes such as product development, order fulfilment, planning, distribution, and customer service. So everybody is now focusing on doing process improvement or redesigning.
The solid wastes are produce not only by households; it’s contributed by hospitals and corporations. Hospitals throw away bandages, use needles and latex gloves, these items hospitals throw away daily all the time because they can’t be reuse for the safety of its patients. Corporations throw away a lot of waste as well such as papers that they use whether in writing or in projects. All of these leftovers after consumptions are waste that is produced by our daily actions.
Vega, Carolina, Armijo-de; Ojeda-Benitez, Sara; Aguilar-Virgen, Quetzalli and Taboada-González Paul A (2010): The Open Waste Management Journal, 3, pp. 146-154