Urolithiais is a common and sometimes dangerous condition that is frequently seen in goats with males more commonly affected than females. Left untreated this disease can quickly lead to serious complications, such as a ruptured urethra, a ruptured bladder, or death. This condition is caused when uroliths form somewhere in a goat’s urinary tract and become lodged, and the goat is unable to pass them. Urolithiasis can cause the goat to be unable to urinate, despite the fact that urine is still being produced. Several different factors play a role in a goat’s chances of developing urolithiasis. For example, a goat’s diet and amount of water he drinks play a role in his chance to develop this condition. In addition, the age, breed, and sex of a goat, and the PH of his urine can affect the likelihood of a goat being diagnosed with urolithiasis. There are several different types of uroliths that can form, depending on the goat’s diet. For instance, silica uroliths are commonly found in goats that have been grazing on silica-rich material. Another type of urolith that can form due to problems with a goat’s diet is calcium carbonate uroliths. This type of urolith is formed when a goat’s diet has excess amounts of calcium. One of the more common types of uroliths found in goats is struvite uroliths. Struvite uroliths are caused by an improperly balanced calcium phosphorus ratio. A proper Ca: P ratio for goats is around 2:1; if the goat is fed a diet that is too high in phosphorus and too low in calcium, struvite uroliths are likely to develop. Sturvite uroliths are commonly caused by high grain diets, due to the excess phosphorus in the diet.
High grain diets will increase phosphorus levels and decrease salvia production. Salvia is ben...
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...of recovery and observation it is determined that the surgery has relieved Pepper’s obstruction. He was no longer exhibiting symptoms that signaled he was in pain, and he was able to urinate regularly. To help ensure Pepper did not form any more stones, Mr. Smith was sent home with a urinary acidifier, ammonium chloride to lower the PH of Pepper’s urine. Mr. Smith was instructed to give Pepper one teaspoon once a day by mixing it into one to two gallons of fresh water. Mr. Smith is told to come back in a week or two to retest Pepper’s urine to see if he needs to continue on the acidifier and to check for crystals. In addition, it was recommended for Mr. Smith to ensure that the diet Pepper is eating has a properly balanced calcium phosphorus ratio. Hopefully with the surgery, urinary acidifier, and correct diet Pepper will not have another problem with urolithiasis.
The kidneys play a major role in the blood composition and volume , the excretion of metabolic wastes in the urine, the control the acid/base balance in the body and the hormone production for maintaining hemostasis. The damages to the GBM in the glomeruli alter filtration process that allows the protein and red blood cells to leak into the urine. Loss of protein like albumin in the urine results in a decrease of their level into the blood stream. Consequently, this patient’s blood reveals a decreased albumin (Alb) value of 2.9 g/dL, decreased serum total protein value of 5 .0 g/dL and in the urine presents of the protein and the RBCs. Impaired filtering capacity result in inability of kidneys to excrete excretory products like electrolytes and metabolic waste products that will then accumulate in the blood. Furthermore, inability of distal convoluted tubules to excrete sufficient quantities of potassium, sodium, magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), urea, creatinine (Cr), alkaline phosphatase (Alk Phos), and phosphate (PO4) results in their elevation in the blood. His laboratory values reveal an increased of sodium value of 149 meq/L, an increase of potassium value of 5.4meq/L, increased chloride value of 116 meq/L, increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) serum of 143 mg/dL, and increased creatinine serum of 7.14 mg/dL. The other abnormal blood tests associated with a loss of kidneys’ filtration property identify in this patient are related to an increase of alkaline phosphatase value of 178 IU/L, increased magnesium value of 3.8mgdL, and increased phosphate (PO4) value of 5.9 mg/dL .
While the tube for specimen Cb turned a tannish white in the lower half of the tube while the top stayed the lavender inoculated tube color. Do to this evidence I determined that both specimens Ca and Cb cannot use the process Casein hydrolysis or Casein coagulation due to lack of soft or firm curds in both tubes. Since there was no casein curds formed, I concluded that specimens Ca and Cb also cannot perform the process of proteolysis. My conclusion is supported by the fact that there was no clearing of the medium. I have also determine that neither of my organisms can make the enzymes rennin, proteolytic or even proteases. I know my specimens cannot produce proteases due to the fact that there was no blue coloring in the tubes which means that the byproduct Ammonia was not produced to increase the pH. Since neither of my specimens can make these enzymes, I concluded that my specimens cannot break down lactose or casein. Although I did learn that specimen Cb can reduce litmus due to the evidence that the lower part of the tube turned a tannish white color with a purple ring at the top. This color change from a purple to a white means that the litmus was reduced turning it clear and leaving the white of the milk to show. Finally I know that specimen Ca cannot reduce litmus due to the fact that the tube had no change in
Kidneys play an important role in the unary tract. They are located on each side of the spine, just below the ribcage. Each kidney is connected to the bladder by ureters. The kidneys have many functions, but the most common functions are to clean waste, control chemicals, and regulate fluid in the body which makes up the urine. Urine collects in the kidney before entering the ureters and as time passes more materials are added. When calcium and oxalate or phosphates are combined in the kidney tiny stones are formed called nephrolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stones. These stones can be very painful and “increases risks for diabetes, high blood pressure, and osteoporosis” (Goldfarb, 2009). About ten percent of all people will have kidney stones in their lifetime. Kidney stones are most frequently found in white men over the age of forty, relatives of kidney stone patients, and people who have formerly had kidney stones.
...e build-up. This diet also contains urine acidifiers to increase urinary pH which also contributes to the prevention and removal of struvite uroliths. S/D is not recommended as a long term diet due to the increased acidifying effect. After a feeding period of approximately 2-3 months, the diet should be switched to C/D Multicare Feline to help avoid reoccurrence.
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) was first discovered in 1977, subsequent to outbreaks in Newmarket, United Kingdom and Ireland affecting Thoroughbred populations (Timoney, 2011). Following these outbreaks of CEM, a ban on the importation of horses into the United States from the UK, Ireland and France was put into effect (Schulman et al., 2013). Despite implementation of strict requirements concerning the import of breeding horses from countries known or suspected to be affected by CEM, the first United States outbreak was reported within a year of the discovery of the disease (Timoney, 2011). According to Timoney (2011), the U.S. outbreak in 1978 affected Thoroughbred horses in Kentucky and the source of the outbreak was determined to be two stallions imported from France. The 1978 outbreak of CEM in Kentucky resulted in a total economic loss of 13.55 million, with about 1 million dollars lost for every day mares were not successfully bred and movement restrictions were in place (Timoney, 2011).
Frank has returned six weeks since the last appointment. A couple of weeks following that review, Frank underwent repeat pathology that revealed renal impairment with an EGFR of 54. I subsequently arranged a renal tract ultrasound, urinalysis and encourage increased oral hydration and repeated his electrolytes. Pleasingly his renal function improved with a repeat EGFR of 87 and the other investigations were unremarkable. Frank subsequently the micophenylate dose to 1gm bd.
The scientific name of a kidney infection is known as pyelonephritis. There are two types of pyelonephritis infections, acute and chronic. Acute pyelonephritis is sudden and limited and can be cured/treated using antibiotics. However, if it is a chronic infection, it is long-lasting and occurs due to birth defects; it can lead to scarring in the kidneys, as well. Kidney infections can occur in both men and women. Although, according to Chih-Yen’s study of chronic infection, “Females (36.1%, 60/166) were more prone to have upper UTIs than males (11.8%, 13/110)” (Chih-Yeh, 2014; Chih-Yeh et al., 2014). In addition, age is not an important number due to the presence of Escherichia coli present in everyone’s body. It is dependent on time and health of an individual for the infection to present itself. Moreover, a study on children and adolescent transplantation concluded that, “UTI was uncommon in children after the first month of transplantation. Two significant risk factors for UTI were female gender and neurogenic bladder in this transplant population” (Fallahzadeh, 2011; Fallahzadeh et al., 2011). From the peer-reviewed papers, it is clear that females are more prone to UTI infection, overall, than
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy or Mad Cow Disease (BSE), degenerative brain disorder of cattle. Symptoms in cows include loss of coordination and a typical staggering gait. Affected animals also show signs of senility, for example, lack of interest in their surroundings, the abandonment of routine habits, disinterest in feed and water, or unpredictable behavior. Affected cattle show symptoms when they are three to ten years old.
In these massive CAFO’s the amount of feces and urine is so large that it eventually ends up in our water table or water ways dues to excessive run off. the feces includes the antibiotics and hormones that were given to them as they grew.
After further multidisciplinary team meetings with the involvement of John the treatment option of automated peritoneal dialysis was implemented (NSF 2004). Once the Tenchkoff catheter had been inserted, education and training completed John was ready for discharge home.
Straus, Nathan. Disease in Milk. 2nd ed. New York: E.P. Dutton and Company, 1917. Print.
can block the urinary tract. This blockage will probably cause a lot of pain. If
A urinary tract infection is a very common infection that can happen to anybody. A urinary tract infection usually occurs when bacteria enters the urethra and multiples in the urinary system. The Urinary tract includes the kidneys, the thin tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder (ureters), and the main tube that carries the urine from the bladder (urethra). Women, men, and children are all immune to this infection. Women have the highest chances of getting it. In the Urinary tract, the main links of the ureters help get rid of any bacteria that tries to enter the urine, and the bladder helps prevent urine from backing up into the kidneys.
These wastes are derived from the liquid and food that the individual had consumed. In cases of compromised kidney function, the kidneys are no longer able to remove or filter wastes in the normal way. This means that wastes are left to accumulate in the bloodstream. When this scenario takes hold, it can negatively impact the patient 's electrolytes, therefore, positive action has to be taken to optimize the situation. When patients follow a renal diet it can help to slow down the advancement of total kidney failure, and ameliorate kidney function. Along with chloride and potassium, sodium represents one of the body 's main three electrolytes. The latter manipulate the fluids with enter and leave the body’s cells and tissues. Therefore, patients with renal disease must monitor their intake of electrolytes. Keeping a daily food dairy is essential (Nephcure), and will be of great benefit to the dietitian who can pinpoint certain details.
... restore the neutrality by producing more alkaline urine, leading to an increase in their workload (Epstein, 1997). This increased workload can lead to different dysfunctions or renal collapse.