Howard Gardner created a theory called ‘The Multiple Intelligence Theory’, which states that every human being has nine types of intelligence that are unique to them. Gardner, a psychologist and Harvard graduate, created this theory in 1983 (“Multiple Intelligences”). The multiple intelligence theory originally consisted of seven types of intelligence but, later on, two more types were added (Collins). Each intelligence type reflects the way a person interacts with the world, and the intelligences are like fingerprints- no two people have the same combination of the intelligences. Gardner introduced the original seven types of intelligences through “Frames of Mind”, which was published in 1983 (“Types of Intelligence”). Linguistic intelligence is the ability to work with words. Whether it is learning a language, writing, or reading, everyone has something extracted from linguistic intelligence (Breyer). Someone who has a high linguistic intelligence loves words and will commonly use sophisticated words, correct grammatical errors, enjoys free-writing and excels in language courses. Common career choices for someone with linguistic intelligence include author, teacher, journalist and politician (“Linguistic Intelligence”). Logical-Mathematical intelligence is the ability to work with numbers in complex situations. People with logical intelligence enjoy math and science, can predict outcomes of situations, and their brains work like a computer (Breyer). Careers suited for people with logical intelligence include accountant, doctor, mathematician, scientist, lawyer and computer programmer (“Logical/Mathematical Intelligence”) Visual/Spatial intelligence is sensitivity to surroundings. People with th... ... middle of paper ... .../education/ed_mi_overview.html>. "Musical Intelligence." My Personality. Personality Max, n.d. Web. 18 May 2014. . "Naturalist Intelligence." My Personality. Personality Max, n.d. Web. 18 May 2014. . "Types of Intelligence." Neuroscience of Intelligence. Behavioral Neuroscience Web Ring Macalester College, n.d. Web. 13 May 2014. . "Verbal/Linguistic Intelligence." My Personality. Personality Max, n.d. Web. 17 May 2014. . "Visual/Spatial Intelligence." My Personality. Personality Max, n.d. Web. 18 May 2014. .
14. Multiple Intelligences - Multiple intelligences are Howard Gardner's theory that people are possessed of eight semi-independent kinds of intelligence, only three of which are measured by standard IQ tests.
Howard Gardner was born on July 11, 1943 in Scranton, Pennsylvania and is still alive to this date. He completed his post-secondary education at Harvard, earning his undergraduate degree in 1965 and his Ph. D. in 1971. Gardner is a developmental psychologist who was inspired by the works of Jean Piaget. He is best known for his theory of multiple intelligences. Gardner believed the concept of intelligence was to narrows and didn’t encompass all types of intelligences. He worked with normal and gifted children and brain-damaged adults. He then began to create a theory designed to synthesize his observations. In 1983, he published Frames of Mind, which outlined the theory he is best known for, the Theory of Multiple Intelligences.
A Harvard graduate, Howard Gardner is a Psychologist who came up with the multiple intelligence. Regarding arts and education, Gardner recounted the curious dearth of literature that obtained at the time
Intelligence tests have been developed by scientists as a tool to categorize army recruits or analyze school children. But still discussing what intelligence is, academics have a difficult time defining what intelligence tests should measure. According to the American researcher Thorndike, intelligence is only that what intelligence tests claim it is (Comer, Gould, & Furnham, 2013). Thus, depending on what is being researched in the test and depending on the scientist’s definition of intelligence the meaning of the word intelligence may vary a lot. This essay will discuss what intelligence is in order to be able to understand the intelligence theories and aims of intelligence tests.
Surprisingly, intelligence is not defined as a single ability, but by a combination of related abilities. For instance, a savant that discerns numbers different than the average human, and uses those numbers to connect with others is an unconventional show of intelligence. And there are even infographics that people design, and dedicate time and effort into, showing their thoughts on intelligence. Lastly, there have been articles written about intelligence that layout the author’s thoughts on how intelligence should be viewed. While some people label intelligence as academic skills, an individual can actually develop many different forms of intelligences, outside of academics.
Intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. For a while now there has been a question "are there multiple types of intelligence or just one?" Some people debate that there is only one type of intelligence and everything else is a skill or ability. Others say that there all multiple different intelligences and each effect you differently. Some well-known theories for multiple intelligences are Gardner's theory and Sternberg's theory which explain that each area of skill is categorized under intelligence. Spearman's "model of intelligence theory" is a popular theory that explains why there is only one general intelligence and describes that all intelligence can be put into one big category.
When we speak of Gardner’s multiple theory of Intelligence, we come to learn that he was one of the few psychologist that took a very different approach rather than asking questions, he argued that everyone have a minimum of eight different forms of intelligence. Although he stated we all have eight senses we do not tend to use all eight, it is depending on the individual.
While this assumption is accepted by a majority of geneticists and behavioral scientists, there is great disagreement on the degree of influence each contributes. Arguments for environmental influences are compelling; at the same time there is growing evidence that genetic influence on intelligence is significant and substantial (Eyesenck, 1998; Mackintosh, 1998; Plomin, 1994; Steen, 1996). The purpose of this paper is to explore the question: "How is intelligence influenced by heredity and environment?"
Verbal Intelligence; Non-verbal Intelligence; Concrete Reasoning; and Abstract Reasoning are several of the mental abilities that have been identified by psychologists (Santrock, 2013). Spearman’s thoughts were that intelligence is general cognitive ability that can be numerically expressed and measured.
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is a standardized test that assesses intelligence and cognitive abilities. Intelligence is "a concept intended to explain why some people perform better than others on cognitive tasks. Intelligence is defined as "the mental abilities needed to select, adapt to, and shape environments. It involves the abilities to profit from experience, solve problems, reason, and successfully meet challenges and achievement goals.
Dictionaries add still more definitions: Funk & Wagnall’s defines intelligence as “The faculty of perceiving and comprehending meaning; mental quickness; active intellect; understanding” , while Webster’s defines it as “the ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or trying situations; the skilled use of reason.” While some of these definitions are similar, none of them are exactly the same.
Gardner’s theory of MI offers an alternative view of intelligence which has measured intelligence based on the results that would predict success in the current educational system. Furham (2009) sums up Gardner’s definition as “the ability to solve problems or to create products that are valued within one or more cultural settings”. This definition suggests that human intelligence is comprised of more than the predictable success in a western school system. Gardner argues that traditional definitions of intelligence and intelligence testing are too narrow and marginalize people who do not fit traditional education system that focuses on visual–spatial, verbal–linguistic, and logical–mathematical intelligences. He supports this with unique cases of idiots savant, who are people with low IQs but excel in skills in areas not measured through tradition IQ tests (Arnett, 2013). MI theory proposes that individual’s intelligence can be differentiated on eight different modalities:
One of the most definitive things ever said regarding the nature of intelligence was that intelligence is whatever IQ tests measure. The IQ test has been in use throughout the 20th century and serves as an accepted measure of a person’s intelligence. It is used by institutions such as schools and the army to screen people’s level of intelligence and decisions are made based on that. The IQ test consists of a series of questions regarding certain skills such as vocabulary, mathematics, spatial relations. The scores that a person gets on these tests depend on the amount of questions that a person answers correctly. The actual score that a person gets is dependant on how others in that age group do on those particular questions.
In 1983, Howard Gardner a Harvard professor proposed the theory that individual can have multiple ways of learning and processing information. The multiple intelligences consist of 9 different ways and these include: verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, visual-spatial, existential, musical, naturalistic, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. Every individual has a different amount of each intelligence but each intelligence is at a varying level. With the help of a multiple intelligences assessment, I found that my top three multiple intelligences are Intrapersonal, logical, and interpersonal. Within his research Gardner says that “Intrapersonal intelligence refers to people’s ability to recognize and assess those same characteristics
When a person utters the word “intelligence,” people tend to think of a genius like Albert Einstein developing some obscure equation that the great majority of the population will never understand. The problem with the definition of intelligence is that people relate intelligence to words like “genius” which require intelligence but do not have the same definition as intelligence. Often, people try to use related words to define intelligence, but these words are unable to define intelligence since many are only different levels of intelligence. While many definitions try to encompass the meaning of intelligence and various definitions describe a small part of intelligence, no definition completely explains intelligence, because intelligence is a concept that is understood only after realizing that intelligence is based on three basic concepts: logic, growth, and emotion. Although many people believe that humans are the only creatures capable of intelligence, other animals exhibit intelligence and are capable of further demonstrate the complex concept of intelligence.