Most substation transformer failures, excluding acts of man or nature, can often be traced to poor maintenance of the transformer or its related components. Catastrophic failure of a substation transformer can be prevented by accurately testing the condition of the oil on a yearly basis and by having a monthly visual inspection program in place. Most of the checks on a substation transformer are relatively simple: checks for oil leaks, oil level, temperature, the operation of the on-load tap-changer, etc. However, if the oil paper insulating system of the transformer is breaking down, it can only be detected by oil analysis. By testing the physical and chemical properties of transformer oil, a number of problem conditions can be identified before they lead to transformer failure.
The reason transformer oil care and filtering is such an important part of substation transformer maintenance is because of the makeup of most transformer insulation systems. Oil and cellulose paper insulation systems are organic compounds containing hydrogen, and gradual oxidation of these compounds allows for the formation of moisture. The byproducts of the process produce an increase in moisture levels and create an environment that overheats the transformer and further degrades the paper insulation, which in turn produces more byproducts. This cycle continues until the transformer fails. The two major contaminants that cause paper insulation and oil degradation are the presence of oxygen and/or water in the oil.
Oil
Transformer oil is organic and therefore oxidizes and decays; creating oxidation by-products which destroy the paper insulation. The aging of transformer oil is caused by the oxidation process of the oil; therefore, c...
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...ead to transformer failure. Most units pass the oil through multiple paper cartridges during this process with the oil passing through a .5-micron particle filter as the last stage before entering the transformer.
The main advantage of using a HORP unit is that the transformer can be serviced while it is still energized, saving the company the trouble and expense of de-energizing and doing without a valuable transformer that could be generating revenue.
Conclusion
Substation transformers are key pieces of equipment that depend on the quality of their oil in order to provide consistent service, as a Substation Technician, caring for the oil will be one of your jobs. This lesson does not attempt to detail all of the tests that can be performed on a substation transformer, but it should give you some idea of what is involved in oil care and filtering.
Owning a car is usually a significant investment for an individual. Changing the oil on your car plays an important part to help keep it functioning at peak performance and to ensure that your vehicle last for many miles. You might wonder how often does the oil need changing. Well, manufactures advise that the oil is changed every 3,000 miles or every three months, whichever occurs first. Changing the oil is not an extremely difficult task, but it is always good to have someone else there, who has done this before, to help if needed. I would also suggest finding an outfit you wouldn’t mind getting dirty and a pair of rubber gloves to keep your hands clean.
Normally, emulsified water is generally present in crude oil as a result of the mixing occurring during production operations and referred to as oil field emulsion. This emulsion can be encountered at numerous stages include during drilling, producing, transporting and processing of crude oil. However, the formation of emulsion creates problems in oil field industry. They might increase the cost of production and also transportation; accumulate in the refinery tank age, pipeline corrosion, equipment failure, plugged pipeline. For economic and operational reasons, it is necessary to remove water completely from the crude oil emulsion before refining and transporting those. In order to separate the water content of the produced crude oils, the emulsions have to be broken through demulsification process.
Once extracted from the earth, crude oil must be refined to become useful. Crude oil contains over 500 hundred hydrocarbons plus many other elements and additives that are all combined into one product. The refining process separates and groups these hydrocarbons together to make things that are of value to us such as gasoline and diesel fuel, waxes, asphalts, household fuel oil, industrial lubricating oils, greases and other petrochemicals.
After the oil/gas mixture is drawn from the ground, it is then stored into a storage tank and allowed to rest for a while. Then the gas is piped off to a set of distillation columns to clean up the ethane. In order to activate the chemical reaction necessary to separate the ethane, a thermal cracking unit (a sort of long heated tube) i.e. a plug flow reactor is used. After a series of distillations, ethylene exits the tube.
If equipment flaw or a defective part is spotted, the damaged machine directly stops, and operators halt production and rectify the identified problem. It is essential ...
Dispersants screw up the flexibility of native organisms to adapt to environmental changes. They create the oil rather more harmful to native organisms than it would are on its own. Once applied in a very Deepwater setting, as within the Deepwater Horizon spill, they additionally do not eliminate the oil itself. Instead, each the dispersant and the oil linger within the water column for an undetermined amount of time. Only spongy drums do not cause separate environmental damage. Sadly, these drums even have low recovery rates.
· B-phase transformer (EMTU-TT01) · Feedback electronic wattmeter · Multi-range moving-iron ammeter · Instrument voltage transformer THEORY AND INTRODUCTION ----------------------- Transformers are used all over the world to step-up and step-down electricity. The transformer is one of the most commonly used electrical devices. The reason the transformer is so popular is because they range in size from 240V to well over 240kV, stepping -up and stepping-down electricity all over the world.
...uctions with compressed air. Check for cracking, fraying, obvious looseness, and breaks on alternator fan and power steering pump drive belts
1. Lorenzo’s parents used the scientific method to solve the situation of lorenzo dying by coming up will solution to his ALD problem and stayed up late every night for years straight just to find a cure for ald and to save their child and all the other kids that suffer from ald and save their lives and many other life that may yet come and suffer from ald
Hair spray contain many VOCs (volatile organic compounds) which cause serious damage to the ozone such as ozone depletion. These compounds, including methane as known as CFC (Chlorofluorocarbon), have been serious factors causing global warming. CFC was developed in the 1930s under the trade name Freon. “CFC was supposed to be wonder chemicals since they are nontoxic, nonflammable, don't react with any common chemicals, and thus were assumed to be safe for the environment” (undsci.berkeley.edu). During the 1970s, chemists Mario Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland suspected and examined what happens to CFC released into the atmosphere. Their...
First I look at the wiring and hoses for cracks, and for something that has become disconnected. For example, a vacuum hose on an older car sometimes becomes hard from the engine heat and can become loose or disconnected because of normal vibration. Then I look at the battery post for that greenish colored corrosion on the battery post. If there is some I clean it off using backing soda mixed in water. I am careful
The methods that will be used for extracting volatile components include using a “sniffer.” The “sniffer,” otherwise known as a portable vapor detector, sucks in the air surrounding the questio...
Transportation is another benefit of oil. Of course we all know that we use oil to run our vehicles, but that is not the only benefit. Oil is also used in combustion engines.
Preventive maintenance can be defined as an activity performed on a certain schedule which is intended to prevent breakdowns or deterioration. These activities can include regular inspection along with solving any discovered problems or situations and regularly scheduled parts changes. Preventive maintenance involves the scheduled adjustment, inspection, replacement of wearable parts, calibrations, basic cleaning and lubrication of equipment or other recommendation made by the equipment manufacturer. These activities can help increase the equipment functional life and help decrease facilities deterioration. No equipment should, No equipment should reach the breaking point [1].
Refrigerators and stoves are the main product lines in which Atlas Eléctrica has its core competences. They are also working fine due to the production system.