II - Toxicological Studies:-
A-Field evaluation of tested treatments on Lepidosaphes pallidula infests mango trees:
1-Field evaluation of tested treatments on different stages of Lepidosaphes pallidula.
Data presented in table (XXI) and graphs illustrated in Fig (94) showed the mean percentage reduction of different stages of Lepidosaphes pallidula and the average of total population.
Four post treatment counts were recorded, (two, four, six and eight weeks) after spraying mango trees with the tested insecticidal agent in May 2009 at Shebeen al Qanater area.
a- the first post treatment count after 2 weeks from spraying:
The obtained results of percentage reduction of different stages of L. pallidula after two weeks from application presented in table (XXI ) and histogramatically illustrated in fig (94 ) showed significant difference between stage response to tested treatments where "F" value was being 24.77 and L.S.D.= 8.34 at (5% level). However the preadult stage recorded the highly affected one against the tested treatments followed by the adult female stage then, the oviposting (gravid) females. The percentage reduction were (73.32, 60.58 and 47.35%) respectively. On the other hand there was insignificant difference between the nymphal and the adult stage. Also there was insignificant difference between adult s and gravid stage.
b- The second post treatment count after 4 weeks from spraying
Statistical analysis of data presented in the same table and figure after 4 weeks from application clearly showed an insignificant difference between the efficiency of tested treatments used on the different stages of studied pest where "F" value being 29.21 and L.S.D. value was 7.67 at (5% level). There was an ins...
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The data presented in table(XXI) and figure (95) showed a significant difference between the tested treatment on Lepidosaphes pollidula total population where "F" value was 11.27 and L.S.D value equal 3.01 (at 5 % level) .The average percentage reduction was highly superior in case of Biofar ( 85.7 % ) and Bioranza ( 85.4 % ) with insignificant difference between these two treatments. On the other hand, there were insignificant difference between the first two treatments and the summer oil Super Mox oil (81.3%) and highly significant difference between the first two treatments (Biofar & Bioranza) and the winter mayonnaise oil (Mox oil).
Table (XXI): Percentage reduction in Lepidosaphes pallidula different stags and the mean total population treated with some insecticidal agents on mango trees at Qaliobiya Governorate at spring 2009.
Using the techniques from the test market estimates of market share and projected sales for the 19 city (80% of trial insecticide volume) are made for the introduction of Strike Roach Ender into the household market. I also chose to increase the advertising budget by 20% which increased costs to upwards of $12 million. This further drove the net loss to a final projection of $6,844,476 as seen in Table D.
The recommended application rate of each fungicide and if the air treatment really can remove senesced flowers effectively.
The gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) is a highly disruptive species that can, and has played a distinctive role in the lives of many organisms. Included in these organisms are various deciduous trees and shrubs, wildlife species that share the same environment, and even humans. The gypsy moth destroys the beauty of woodlands via defoliation, alters ecosystems and wildlife habitats, and disrupts our own lives. It should therefore come as no surprise that the U.S. Department of Agriculture and many other agencies have taken huge steps to help diminish populations of this small, yet persistent species. In an effort to control these overwhelming populations, five chemical control agents have been used to suppress and/or eradicate the gypsy moth. Following, is a discussion of each chemical and their potentially hazardous effects on humans.
The spinosad insecticide is very active and effective in controlling insects and pests. It acts on both contact and ingestion by an insect. The insecticide is subjective to the stages of life of an insect such as larvae or adult stages and the insect species. The insecticide mode of action is through the neural mechanism. It affects the neural transmissions and processes of an insect. Spinosad is applied to field crops during the entire growth process as specified. It is applied to crops such as flowers, vegetables, fruit trees and also cereals. Some flower farmers spray their crops before harvest to rid them off harmful insects (Kole, 1995). Farmers use spinosad insecticide to kill harmful insects that destroy their crops and spread diseases lowering the yield. It is also used to control storage pests that destroy cereals stored in bins. Quality food produce is another reason for the applying the insecticide.
If preventive measures are not sufficient, “insecticides derived from natural plant extracts, natural soap or minerals or plant extracts such as neem, lemon grass, garlic, ginger and many more can be applied” (NP Agricultural Service and Partners Report, 36). Cotton farmers in Benin, for example, show that cotton can be grown without chemical pesticides, notably endosulfan (NP Agricultral Service and Partners Report, 37). Practices that can all be successful include encouraging natural predators, selecting resistant varieties, planting early maturing varieties which reduce the risk of pest attacks, use of rotation and trap crops and the use of food sprays for predators to improve the balance between useful insects and pests. (WHO,
This paper do the research on the potential ecological and human health consequences of Bt plants, including effects on nontarget organisms, food safety, and the development of resistant insect populations. And it get the alternative insect management strategies. It turns out that scientists do not have full knowledge of the risks and benefits of any insect management strategies. The Bt plants has great benefit.
Many control methods were carried out to suppress the pest population and keep it under the economic injury level. The recent intensive research is concerned mainly with avoiding the serious problems resulted from using harmful insecticides that cause harmful residues in the food chain and pollution of the surrounding natural enemies and pest resistance (Salwa et al., 2001).
"Pesticides." Issues & Controversies On File: n. pag. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 18 July 2005. Web. 20 May 2011. .
The use of pesticides has increased agricultural production. However, the intensity and frequent use has resulted in the development of resistance by pests. Pesticide resistance is increasingly becoming a worldwide problem with an estimated number of 583 species reported to be resistant. This evolutionary process negatively affects farmers, chemical companies, consumers and the environment. Management strategies such as Integrated Pest Management (IPM) successfully delay the development of resistance. The production of new pesticides,
One of the benefits of using pesticides is to kill pesticides and worms that feed on the crops. Pesticides have been used in public health, forestry, agriculture, and domestic sphere. One of the main reasons why pesticides are used is to increase farm yields. Agricultural chemicals have contributed to the increased crop production. The second benefit of pesticides is the protection of crops from diseases. Weeds have been a great deal to farmers because they decrease crop productivity. In this situation, a farmer would choose to use herbicides to kill the weeds. Insecticides are used to kill vector based diseases. Malaria is one of the leading diseases that is caused by mosquitoes which can be killed using insecticides (Levine 277)
These present investigation aimed to study in addition to these ecological studies on the three previous pests which infest mango and guava trees under field condition at Qaliobiya governorate, to determined
...aks of Fruit Flies since 1995. Also from that outbreak an effective eradication method developed.
Pests are a huge problem for every homeowner. They can invade your landscaping and ruin your gardens, or invade your home and make it difficult or even dangerous to live in. Most commercially available pest control options are full of terrible chemicals that are bad for the environment and your health. Luckily, there are a few eco-friendly alternatives.
As time has progressed, there has always been an overarching need for high amounts of crop production throughout the world. With the rapid rate of population growth, the need for crops and other sources of nutrients is only increasing. In order to meet these high demands and increase yields, farmers and other agriculturalists have started implementing the use of pesticides. These chemical mixtures are being used in order to prevent, destroy, repel or mitigate any pests from destroying growing crops. However, using pesticides on crops can create massive amounts of pollution, negatively affect an individual’s health, and can spark biodiversity loss within an ecosystem. According to Michael C.R. Alavanja, “Over 1 billion pounds of pesticides are used within the United States (US) each year and approximately 5.6 billion pounds are used worldwide”. With all this in mind, it is clear that pesticides should not be made available to farmers and agriculturalists, and should
There are many strategies and tactics for insecticide resistance management that we can take it to solve our factors that influence resistance management problem. Hence, to accomplish this goal, resistance surveillance has three objectives. Firstly, before to begin the control operation, we must provide baseline data for program planning and pesticide selection. Secondly, we must detect resistance at an early stage and lastly, we must monitor the effect of control strategies on resistance continuously.