Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
a full essay of tourette syndrome
a full essay of tourette syndrome
a full essay of tourette syndrome
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: a full essay of tourette syndrome
Tourette’s syndrome is an interesting disorder that is continuously being investigated and conducted with experimental research today. The underlying causes are still currently being determined by doctors and researchers and there is not one specific cause that can be linked to such disorder. The unpredictability of symptoms displayed with the syndrome and the comorbidity of other related disorders make it much more complicated to treat. Although there are many factors that contribute to this psychological condition, only time will tell whether treatments and drugs can help tackle Tourette’s once and for all. With that being said, things to be explored in this paper will include how to clinically assess Tourette’s syndrome, different biological, environmental and genetic factors, along with research and treatments being performed to those suffering from Tourette’s.
To begin, what is Tourette’s syndrome? According to the DSM-V, Tourette’s syndrome is defined as a neurological disorder characterized by the presence of involuntary movements of muscles or verbal utterances and sounds. Common symptoms usually include, “the presence of multiple motor and at one or more vocal tics may be present, but do not have to occur simultaneously. Tics may wax and wane in frequency, but must have persisted for more than one year since first tic onset. The disorder must onset before the age of eighteen. Tics cannot be due to a medical condition or from direct use of a substance” (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The full name, known as Gilles de la Tourette’s Syndrome, was named after French neurologist Georges Gilles de la Tourette, who initially described the medical symptoms for this condition in 1885.
“Tics” are defined as repeated,...
... middle of paper ...
...ng, L., Anyuan, L., Shuzhen, W., Fanghua, Q., Lin, Z., & Hong, L. (2010). Abnormal expression of dopamine and serotonin transporters associated with the pathophysiologic mechanism of Tourette syndrome. Neurology India, 58(4), 523-529. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.68663
Leckman, J. (2002). Tourette's syndrome. Lancet, 360(9345), 1577-1586.
Mell, L. K., Davis, R.L., & Owens, D. (2005). Association Between Streptococcal Infection and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Tourette's Syndrome, and Tic Disorder. Pediatrics 116 (1), 56-60. Doi: 10.1542/peds.2004-2058
Plessen, K. (2013). Tic disorders and Tourette's syndrome. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2255-60. doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0362-x
Robertson, M. M. (2000). Tourette syndrome, associated conditions and the complexities of treatment. Brain: Journal of Neurology, 123(3), 435-452. doi: 10.1093/brain/123.3.425
Tourette syndrome is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by motor and phonic tics usually starting in childhood and often accompanied by poor impulse control (Chiu, 2013, p.405). The disorder is named for Dr. Georges Gilles de la Tourette, the pioneering French neurologist who in 1885 first described the condition in an 86-year-old French woman (ninds.nih.gov, 2013). Tourette syndrome was once considered to be a rare a condition that causes a person to make repeated, quick movements or sounds that they cannot control. These movements or sounds are called tics, but this symptom is only present in a minority of cases.
One out of every 360 children have Tourettes. Tourette’s is a neurological disorder, which means that it takes place in the nervous system. It affects males three to four times more than females. There’s no exact known reason as to why. Symptoms begin at ages three to nine, and typically, the first sign is excessive blinking. This
In recent years researchers have made significant advances in the field and have come up with many neuroleptic (antipsychotic) medications to treat the disorder. However along with these medical breakthroughs problems have occurred. The most severe side effect is called Tardive Dyskinesia, literally meaning "late movement disorder." (1) Coined in 1964, it is identified by the involvement of numerous "abnormal, involuntary movements of the orofacial area or extremities." . (2) More specifically, it is characterized by rocking, twisting, jerking, toe tapping, lip smacking, blinking, and most commonly an unusual movement of the tongue. . (1) (2)(3). Interestingly enough, these side effects disappear during sleep. (3)
Durand, M., & Barlow, D. (2013). Essentials of abnormal psychology. (6 ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992. Print.
rarely exhibit all of the symptoms, or all of the tics. The vocal and motor tics
[8] American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1987.
Tim Howard has faced many challenges in his life. Some of these to do with Tourettes and OCD and some others not to do with Tourettes or OCD. The challenges to do with Tourettes/OCD that he has faced are that he had to touch certain objects or pick up certain objects, he had tics or motor action and later in his teen life, he had to touch the person before talking to them.
Touretts syndrome is mainly known as a tic disorder. Tics are involuntary, rapid, repetitive, and stereotyped movements of individual muscle groups (Bruun, 1984, p. 2). However, Tourette's is not the only tic disorder that one can have. A transient tic disorder begins during the early school years, occurring in up to 15 percent of all children. These tics are said to not persist for more than a year, but it is not uncommon for a child to have a series of transient tics over the course of several years. Chronic tic disorders are differentiated from those that are transient, not only by their duration, but by their relatively unchanging character (1984, p. 4). These tics are said to persist unchanged for years. Chronic multiple tics suggest that an individual has several chronic motor tics, with a hard line between to determine the differences. The most debilitating tic disorder is Tourette syndrome (Fowler, 1996, p. 26). TS is a complex behavioral disorder that is poised between the mind and body, governed by innate vulnerabilities and environment...
Pers Soc Psychol Bull March 1, 2003 29: 325-335 David K. Marcus and Rowland S. Miller 2003
It causes involuntary movements known as ticks and vocal outburst. Brad Cohen could not do anything to hold these symptoms back or to get rid of them all together. Brad’s disease did have an impact on his parents. His mother was concerned about him and his future. She feared the limitations for her son that she saw other people with Tourette’s Syndrome suffering from. Brad’s father was never accepting of the disease, which consequently strained their relationship. He even admitted to sometimes feeling embarrassed to be in public places with Brad because of the outbursts. Later in the movie, it is revealed to us that the reason Brad’s father could never accept that fact that Brad had Tourette’s Syndrome was because he could not fix it and a part of him felt
Due to the intense nature of the physical symptoms of PD and its impact of one’s life, various researchers has identified different contributory factors of this disorder. Some studies indicated hyperventilation, over activity in the noradrenergic neurotransmitter system, interceptive classical conditioning, anxiety sensitivity, catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily sensations and safety behaviors are potential factors of PD (Davey, 2014). While, other researchers have stated PD is possibly caused by genetic predisposition, abnormalities in serotonin, and early developmental factors (Sansone et al., 1998). As the etiology of PD remains unknown and further studies are being conducted, it is agreed upon the mental health community that biological, psychological and cognitive factors contribute to the etiology and maintenance of PD.
Tourette's syndrome is a hereditary movement disorder. Its symptoms are by multiple motor and vocal tics (repeated muscle contractions). It is during the childhood and adolescence in which Tourette’s syndrome and its symptoms develop, usually between the ages...
Unfortunately not much more is known about the etiologies of a disorder. As clinicians we treat based on symptoms, etiology, and individual need. With out knowledge of the etiology it is difficult to treat a disorder. If a person had an injury, you would not put a bandage on him or her without knowing where the bleeding was coming from. More so, if you but bandages all over him or her blindly, trying to find the injury, you may never resolve the bleed. Regarding stuttering, we are trying to resolve a disorder with only one eye open. Although we have an idea of possible etiologies, we cannot fully understand the extent of the disorder. Thus the proper treatment may only be the surface to a deeper more complex
Butcher, J. N., Mineka, S. and Hooley, J. M. (2010). Abnormal Psychology. (14th ed.). Boston, etc.: Pearson Education, Inc.