Introduction: Scanning probe microscopy in nano mechanical testing has started with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in the year 1981. Till then based on the type of principles there are number of models developed and are in use. Scanning probe microscopy found popularity owing to its ease in versatility in dealing with a number of issues, typically it is used to identify the material properties on nano to even pico scales. Scanning probe microscopy techniques such as atomic/friction
X-ray probe production by a synchrotron light source. To optimize the properties of nano-material and atomic level needs an elemental probe with resolution of <1nm. The nano scale probe helpful to provide the reproducible control over defects. The production of x-rays by relativistic electrons in accelerators is about 60 years old. The accelerator facilities used as synchrotron radiation sources have advanced significantly over the years, growing in utility to become a premier research tool for
Data Recovery Introduction Data recovery is the process of restoring data that has been lost, accidentally deleted, corrupted or made inaccessible. It is the process of salvaging data from damaged, failed, corrupted, or inaccessible secondary storage media when it cannot be accessed normally. Recovery may be required due to physical damage to the storage device or logical damage to the file system The essence of data recovery : Data recovery means retrieving lost, deleted, unusable or inaccessible
Microscopy allows one to view samples and objects that cannot be seen with the human eye. With all the modern techniques used in the biology field today, microscopy is one of the most important one that allows us to see a world beyond what our eyes limits us too. The majority of both organisms that are helpful and harmful are too small to be seen with the human eye, and without the microscope we would have not understood the mechanism behind the major diseases we know today. Microscopy has helped
However, thermal methods have several disadvantages that have led researchers to opt for nano-thermal methods of analysis. Nano-thermal analysis methods use special resolution imaging potential that is enhanced by the availability of atomic force microscopy and thermal analysis methods. Nano-thermal analysis methods are also known as micro-thermal procedures and they use the principle of characterizing highly localized materials on a micrometer. The characterization is then changed from a micrometer
changes in thicknesses and also to see well below the diffraction limiting optical restrictions. The implications of this technology are incredible in the fields of biomedical science, nanoengineering, and microscopy. The second topic of this paper, Microscopy, covers two methods of advanced microscopy that allow us to see much smaller than the optical limits allow. Plasmonics In optics, if a beam of light hits a boundary at a certain critical angle, all the light will be reflected back. In classical
morphology Structure of niosomes is studied using Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)/Transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The size or diameter of niosomal vesicle can be determined by Photon correlation spectroscopy where it helps to determine the mean diameter of vesicles specifically. Visualization can simply be done by freeze fracture microscopy. Lazer beam spectroscopy is used to study the morphology as well as size distribution of niosomes. Electron microscopy can also Number of lamellae Number of lamellae
Electron microscope is a powerful tool that enables the study of particles in nanometer range. The invention of compound microscope in 1590 started to way to a new era of microscopy. The primitive microscope could magnify the object 20 to 30 times its original size. With more development in the field of optical microscopy by the beginning of the 20th century optical microscopes became more powerful and are capable of magnifying objects to 1000x their original size. In spite of this tremendous improvement
physical scales from Angstroms to microns to centimeters in intact biological systems.” (Eugene P. Pendergrass New Horizons Lecture, Radiological Society of North America meeting, 2007)1. Molecular imaging aims at developing imaging instruments, imaging probes, assays, and quantification methods. Imaging can be done using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X-ray computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and optical (bioluminescence and
Microscopy Summary The entire exercise was all about caring for and using the microscope. We performed various activities that enabled us to familiarize ourselves with the parts and uses of the microscope. Using the microscope, we observed different objects such as cotton, silk, hair, and even a letter "e." We viewed it using both the low power objective and the high power objective. We did these activities in order to better understand how the compound light microscope works and also to
made pioneering discoveries concerning protozoa, red blood cells, capillary systems, and the life cycles of insects.Born in Delft, Holland, Leeuwenhoek received little or no scientific education.However, his incredible discoveries in the field of microscopy granted him the recognition as the father of microscopy.In recognition of his discoveries, he was made a fellow of the Royal Society of
1. Introduction: Advanced ceramics is composed of inorganic, non-metallic materials made from synthetic raw materials as oxides, carbides, and nitrides especially of the elements aluminum, boron, barium, magnesium, silicon, titanium, and zirconium[1]. Corundum (α-alumina) is considered as an important advanced ceramic materials due to its wide range of applications including high strength materials, electroceramics, catalysts, catalytic supports and adsorbent [2][3]. The advantages of alumina
Conventional guns, such as cannons, 155 mm howitzers, and multiple-launch rocket system (MLRS), utilise the chemical energy derived by igniting a charge of chemicals (gun powder). The maximum velocity at which the penetrator can be propelled is approximately 1.5-2.0 km/sec. On the other hand, electromagnetic launchers (EML guns), or railguns, use the electrical energy, and the concomitant magnetic field (energy), to propel the penetrators/projectiles at velocities up to 10 km/sec. This increase in
The ZnO crystallizes in a few forms which are wurtzite, zinc blende and rocksalt as shown in Figure 2.4. The wurtzite structure is the most thermodynamically stable phase under ambient temperature and also very common. The zinc blende ZnO geometry can be stabilized only by growth on cubic lattice substrates and the rocksalt structure (NaCl structure) can be obtained at relatively high pressures using ultrasonic wave velocity measurements of up to 10 GPa. (Morkoc). It occurs naturally as the mineral
Cold Plasma processing is preferred as one of the novel technology in the food processing sector. Rice samples was treated with low pressure cold plasma and investigated for physico-chemical properties (proximate composition, cooking parameters and textural properties). After treatment cooking time is reduced from 21 to 14 min and increase in cooking loss and water uptake ratio with increase in voltage and time of treatment. Water uptake kinetics showed there is decrease in rate constant in the plasma
PP which was observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscope and it was resulted in the improvement of wettability. The surface morphology and roughness of the PP films before and after the oxygen plasma treatment was analyzed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). It was found that the roughness of
Chapter-2 Efficient ZnO NPs catalyzed Friedlander annulations in the synthesis of diverse quinolin-2(1H)-ones 2.1.1 INTRODUCTION OF QUINOLINONES AND QUINOLINES The quinolinone and quinoline ring is highly prevalent in natural compounds. There are synthetic and potential agents, which show various pharmacological properties (Priya et al., 2012). Quinolinones are important structural intermediates for synthesis of functionalized quinolines (Baston et al., 2000). Quinolines have demonstrated various