cosmic entities known as black holes, and has extended to specialized areas such as quantum gravity, particle physics, and supersymmetry. A field of study that Stephen Hawking is known for is cosmology. Cosmology is the metaphysical study of the origin and nature of the universe. A brief synopsis of Hawking indicates that, according to Hawking, "there is 'no place for a creator', that God does not exist." In his quantum cosmology, he indicates, "there would be no singularities at which the laws of science
electricity, and magnetic attractions. And finally the Weak nuclear force which deals with radiation which is caused by radioactive decay. So it is belived that if the hands of time are turned back far enough all 4 of these theories should unite in one theory know as the Unified Field theory, or the unification of the fundamental forces of
{hbar}^2}{m} Bigg( 1 + frac{128}{15sqrt{pi}}sqrt{na^3} + frac{8(4pi-3sqrt{3})}{3}na^3 (ln(na^3)+c) + ... Bigg) label{en} end{equation} The first term in this expansion is the mean-field approximation and was calculated by Bogoliubov cite{Bog}. The corrections to the mean-field approximation can be calculated using perturbation theory. The coefficient of the $(na^3)^{3/2}$ term was calculated by Lee, Huang, and Yang cite{LHY} and the last term was first calculated by Wu cite{wu}. Hugenholtz and Pines cite{hp}
development of quantum filtering in fermion Field. Firstly we highlight the quantum filtering concept in its relation with the classical filtering. We highlight some key developments in quantum filtering theory and it main departures from the classical filtering theory. While most of the works have been developed are majorly in bosonic field, the fermionic field filtration is also of considerable technological importance since electron used in current development of solid state quantum mesoscopic system
Quantum Field Theory In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell revolutionized physics by publishing A Treatise On Electricity And Magnetism (James C. Maxwell, Bio.com), in which his equations described, for the first time, the unified force of electromagnetism (Stewart, Maxwell’s Equations), and how the force would influence objects in the area around it (Dine, Quantum Field Theory). Along with other laws such as Newton’s Law Of Gravitation, it formed the area of physics called classical field theory (Classical
[4] the 2004 Nobel laureate in Physics. He held a fellowship at Harvard University (1976–77), was a junior fellow in the Harvard Society of Fellows (1977–80), and held a MacArthur Foundation fellowship (1982). Research[edit] Fields medal work[edit] Witten was awarded the Fields Medal by the International Mathematical Union in 1990, becoming the first physicist to win the prize. In a written address to the ICM, Michael Atiyah said of Witten,[1] Although he is definitely a physicist (as his list of publications
To simplify all branches of mathematics, symbols were adopted to express formulas and represent constants. In particular, Albert Einstein created one of the most famous formulas known to man today. This formula that has been cherished in the many fields of science for years is nothing other than E=mc2. In addition to one of Einstein’s most recognizable achievements to date, in this essay the symbol $3m will be discussed in great detail as well. Representing the largest physics prize to date, this
origin of mass and dominance of matter over antimatter and a keen desire to unveil the secrets of our universe motivates me to pursue a PhD and subsequently a research career in Physics. As a PhD candidate I hope to learn about the extremely appealing field of High Energy Physics and make my contribution to it. I got my first experience of carrying out research in a group during High School while competing in a worldwide Mathematics and Science Olympiad conducted by the University of Canberra. As a part
2. Standard Model The Standard Model is known as a gauge theory, and is based on the symmetry group SU(3)C⊗SU(2)L⊗U(1)Y; as described in the previous section the symmetry group of standard model, describes the strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions, via the exchange of 8 massless gluons and 1 massless photon, respectively, for the strong and electromagnetic interactions, and three massive bosons, W± and Z, for the weak interaction2. Leptons and quarks which are the building blocks of the
Documentary titled "From Planck length to the observable universe" forced me to read agape about Albert Einstein’s revolutionary vision of "Matter and Space-time" and reconstructing a "detailed, modified theory of Motion and Gravity". Its consequences, the "Cosmological Constant, Dark Matter, Dark Energy and theory of Everything" has, thus, impelled me towards a research oriented career in Reality, Particle Physics and Cosmology, in the hope of someday to explain the unknown parameters of the Universe and
3-2 What does discernibility mean? One way to define the concept of discernibility, which is to be distinct from other objects, is understood in terms of the differences between the properties of an object and those of other objects. Accordingly, the definition of discernibility involves the properties of an object and its differences with the properties of other objects. For example, two objects are discernible from each other iff when they are not identical they do not share their properties
(1902-1984), known as P. A. M. Dirac, was the fifteenth Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge. He shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1933 with Erwin Schrodinger.[2] He is considered to be the founder of quantum mechanics, providing the transition from quantum theory. The Cambridge Philosophical Society awarded him the Hopkins Medal in 1930. He was awarded the Royal Medal by the Royal Society of London in 1939 and the James Scott Prize from the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In 1952
superstring theory, and what postgraduate mathematics courses are required to do so. Supersting theory is one of the latest forms of theoretical physics and a popular topic with today’s society. However, because of the highly advanced nature of the mathematics involved with Supersting theory, two postgraduate forms of mathematics are required in order to be on the leading edge of work in this field. These are Noncommutative Geometry and K-theory. FINDINGS STRING THEORY Superstring theory is an attempt
Mathematical Models of Spacetime in Contemporary Physics and Essential Issues of the Ontology of Spacetime ABSTRACT: The general theory of relativity and field theory of matter generate an interesting ontology of space-time and, generally, of nature. It is a monistic, anti-atomistic and geometrized ontology — in which the substance is the metric field — to which all physical events are reducible. Such ontology refers to the Cartesian definition of corporeality and to Plato's ontology of nature
Albert Einstein is known as one of the greatest scientists of all time. He has propose many great theories like the Special Theory of Relativity, the Theory of General Relativity, and E=mc2. (Einstein is famous for these theories along with his help in developing the laser.) He also influences many other scientists in the study of quantum theory and the cosmos. Know one really will ever understand what went on in this man’s mind but he was defiantly one of the greatest men of all times. The
Big Bang Theory Fifteen billion years ago, give or take five billion years, the entirety of our universe was compressed into the confines of an atomic nucleus. Known as a singularity, this is the moment before creation when space and time did not exist. According to the prevailing cosmological models that explain our universe, an ineffable explosion, trillions of degrees in temperature on any measurement scale, that was infinitely dense, created not on fundamental subatomic particles and thus
Quantum Holism as Consequence of the Relativistic Approach to the Problem of Quantum Theory Interpretation ABSTRACT: In modern physics the common relational approach should be extended to the concepts of element and set. The relationalization of the concepts of element and set means that in the final analysis the World exists as an indivisible whole, not as a set (of one or another kind of elements). Therefore, we have to describe quantum systems in terms of potentialities and probabilities: since
physical element. Despite familiarity with the concept, time is difficult to describe. Time is always the underlying assumption in our descriptions of the universe. In physics, it remains the largest barrier to the unification of relativity and quantum theory; some physicists believe time will have to be dismissed altogether if that unification is to occur (1). In more common experience, time appears to be an immutable and often lamented truth; who hasn't wished to "have more time," or to be able to
The Ultimate Nature of Matter The theory of quantum mechanics has divided the atom into a number of fundamental sub-atomic particles. Although the physicist has shown that the atom is not a solid indivisible object, he has not been able to find a particle which does possess those qualities. Talk of particles, though, is misleading because the word suggests a material object. This is not the intention for the use of the word in quantum physics. Quantum particles are, instead, representations
Stemming from the first years of the 20th century, quantum mechanics has had a monumental influence on modern science. First explored by Max Planck in the 1900s, Einstein modified and applied much of the research in this field. This begs the question, “how did Einstein contribute to the development and research of quantum mechanics?” Before studying how Einstein’s research contributed to the development of quantum mechanics, it is important to examine the origins of the science itself. Einstein