identified, that when mutated, lead to pheochromocytoma (Figure 3). The majority of inherited pheochromocytomas are due to mutations in the genes VHL, RET, NF1, and MAX. Pheochromocytoma has been associated with Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2), and neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is a condition caused by the mutation of the gene VHL, where cysts and tumors grow on the brain, the kidneys, and adrenal glands. Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1)
What is cancer? Cancer is the uncontrollable replication of abnormal cells that contain mutated DNA. This results in the growth of cancerous tumours. Cancer is either benign; where the cancer mutation or tumour is not invasive, grows slowly, and does not spread; or malignant; where the cancer mutation or tumour is invasive, grows fast, and quickly spreads throughout the body by means of the lymph and blood. It is caused by many things including: oncogenes, age, viruses, radiation, chemical exposure
This type of cancer has the ability to spread quickly and the farther that it hits, the harder it can be overcome if at all.” This form of thyroid cancer often occurs in the inherited genetic disorder multiple endocrine neoplasia” (Thyroid Cancer 2). People who have inherited multiple endocrine neoplasia will most likely have medullary thyroid cancer, but it is rarely contracted without this disorder. Next, anaplastic thyroid cancer is the most fatal of all four subtypes. This types of cancer grows
What happens during the 9 months of embryonic development, can and will determine how the rest of a child’s life will go. A change or mutation can alter the baby’s development in the womb. No, I’m not talking about a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle, type of mutation. A mutation is the changing of the structure of a gene, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes. Mutations can cause different outcomes
hormone growth at childhood before the bone plates closes. Though gigantism is rare, it is caused due to some factors among them; Noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland, Neurofibromatosis, McCune-Albright Syndrome (MAS), Carney complex and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1(MEN-1). This abnormal growth occurs mainly before the closure of the bone growth plate. In any case the growth hormone occurs after the normal growth has stopped then the condition is known as acromegaly (Gina Gould ‘et al’, 2004)
the duodenum. Although tumours can develop from the both exocrine and endocrine tissues, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) is the commonest pancreatic cancer arising from the exocrine parenchyma in the duct of the pancrease and it occurs most frequently in the head of the pancreas. or the …, There are two broad categories of pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) that tumours develop from endocrine tissues is the least common, accounting for 5% of all diagnosed pancreatic
to locate a hereditary disease-causing gene by studying the inheritance pattern within a family. Working with his method researchers found the genes responsible for diseases like Cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, Neurofibromatosis, Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type one, and Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome. In 1993 Dr. Collins succeeded Dr. James D. Watson as the director of the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), overseeing the role of the United States in the mapping of the
they are at risk for specific genetic conditions; this is known as genetic testing. Unfortunately, genetic testing can vary in its predictive ability. For example, Huntington disease, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Fragile X syndrome and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 are conditions that can be determined by genetic testing (Samen, 1996). In contrast, for multifaceted diseases like Alzheimer’s, breast and ovarian cancer and colorectal cancer, predisposition can be determined with genetic testing
INTRODUCTION Thyroid cancer is a relatively rare tumor but it is the most common endocrine malignancy worldwide and has increasingly become a public health problem over the past two decades [1]. In recent years, the incidence of thyroid cancer has increased at an alarming rate, especially in developed countries. Thyroid cancer is the tenth most common cancer in Canada [2]. Furthermore, the incidence rate of thyroid cancer is increasing more rapidly than any other cancer in Canada [3, 4]. Typically