Conduct a review on corruption literature and you will come across hundreds of articles that analyze the significance of corruption from a variety of academic fields (economics, philosophy, sociology, etc). The focus of this research is on that of combating corruption in developing countries. Most economists and scholars agree that corruption is harmful to economic growth. Many researchers trumpet that reducing corruption is important and offer analysis as to how to measure corruption and why it
democratization, liberalization and pacification are idea for long term peace and security (Tziarras,2012,3). This premise is considered the liberal peace or democratic peace theory. However, liberal democratic polity and a market oriented economy have the potential to impede the consolidation of peace. These two practices paradoxically encourage societal completion as a means of achieving political stability and economic prosperity (Paris,1997,57). Policies related to market liberalization lends itself
the recurrence of large-scale violence in a post-civil war environment. Roland Paris's thesis in At War's End is effectively his claim that the Institutionalization Before Liberalization (IBL) strategy is the only effective way to support a society coming out of civil war, so as to avoid the destabilizing effects of liberalization, and that certain conditions are critical to its success. These particular conditions, as summarized by Paris, include a large, and often invasive, international presence
Literature Review The theory of financial liberalization is greatly explained by the works of MacKinnon (1973) and Shaw (1973). Financial liberalization refers to the removal of government ceilings on interest rates and of other controls on financial intermediaries. It is concerned with macroeconomic aggregates (interest rates, savings and investment) and conditions in formal financial markets (Baden, 1996). It refers to the removal of all constraints in the financial sector. In contrast, financial
on Economic Growth in SADC Chapter Two (2) 2. Literature review Defining Financial Liberalisation: Financial liberalization is a process whereby restrictions on financial markets and financial institutions are eliminated which involves the removal of controls by the government namely, credit and interest rate controls. In the early 1970’s, the research on financial liberalization was initiated by McKinnon and Shaw (1973) who argued that state control of credit, interest rate and other financial
Mobility has allowed human civilizations throughout history to reap the benefits of unrestricted, intercontinental trade, but there are environmental costs as a result which are not immediately apparent. There is no doubt that trade between nations has depleted natural resources, but the question as to whether current trade policies augment or temper environmental degradation is currently under contention. One view is that environmental regulations will create "pollution havens" in countries where
This paper strives to examine the relationship and impact trade liberalization has on human rights across the globe. Trade liberalization has been a goal of many to increase gains in productivity, comparative advantage, and consumer savings, but some individuals link trade liberalization with a decline and stagnation of human rights enforcement. This paper will show both the goal behind trade liberalization and also how human rights violations could occur because of it. The intention of this paper
Regional Trade Agreements vs. Global Trade Liberalization There is much debate concerning regional trade agreements and global trade liberalization. Pros and cons can be found for each trade policy. After looking at several arguments for and against regional trade agreements, it seems that overall regional trade agreements are more beneficial when compared to global trade liberalization. A regional trade agreement is “where member nations agree to impose lower barriers to trade within the group
... middle of paper ... ...viation service and economic growth and all evidence suggests that the market will respond to an improved regulatory framework. Due to the nature of global aviation being an international activity, the concept of liberalization will remain respectable as it prevents archaic imposing, but at the same time its definition needs restructuring to counter contemporary realities and resolve the issues that continue to cause rifts among nations with long-standing territorial
Previously idle resources can be utilized, and then the domestic resources will be increased. For an example, China with the low level of the economic development decades ago, most of idle resources were cheap. Through free trade liberalization, China transfers the idle resources to diversify export products, which brings economic growth to China. The early 1960s a few developing countries like China, Korea and Singapore adopted outer-oriented trade strategies. As a result, they have
economic globalization has had different effects on different developing states based on the specific countries policies for international institutions and liberalization of trade. As Milner states “All states involved are better off with these institutions that otherwise.” (2005, 537). The adoption of international institutions and liberalization of trade policies are a developing country’s response to attempt to break into the international playing field, and in turn lower the inequality and poverty
liners in some case tolerate and keep their eyes blind on the arbitrary action of the populations. But as hardliners it should be said that among the soft liners the fractions varies, majority of the soft liners seek liberalization, some soft liners are in favor of the thorough liberalization toward democracy. But some blandos in order to keep their positions they are just in favor limited freedom and
In 2002, imports to the United States from developing nations totaled a whopping $317 billion. (The United States is the single largest market for developing nations' goods.) Exports from the U.S. to those nations totaled $130 billion. Both imports and exports are important, but look at the difference, that is, the trade deficit that resulted for the United States: $187 billion. That's 44 percent of the entire trade deficit that the United States ran last year with all nations. In other words, with
world’s GDP has multiplied seven times during that period. However, some evidences on the development indicators in developing countries, such as poverty, inequality, unemployment, environment and health, show that they are more affected by trade liberalization. This paper aims to argue that even though trade openness shows successful indicators, some problems still exist when developing countries are more prone to get harm rather than gain. Trade openness per se is not the only solution for stimulating
trade system is, to say the least, much more complex. In its complexity, the trade system has also inherited a very controversial nature. This controversy is focused on the true benefits of the current structure itself, which is labeled as trade liberalization. Within this paper I would like to address this controversy, and pose the argument that, The international trade system, as currently structured, does not serve to advance the interests of the North or South. Concentration will be directed toward
test subject of many contrasting economic policies. These could be laid out as follows • Open, ‘non-interventionist’, free market policies (up to 1959/60) • Dirigiste import substitution industry alisation (ISI) (1960-1977) • Export oriented liberalization (post-1977) Macro-economic situation in Sri Lanka during the period 1977 up to 2014 This period could be broken down in to a few major sections based on the noticeable changes in many of the macro economic factors that reflect the political and
In this section of the literature review various papers having various relations between stock market and globalization are studied, analyzed and reviewed to collect different conclusions available and find the problem definition/research gap for RP‖. I would further like to explain this part of literature review by asking 3 simple questions which would cover all the needful information and also would help the reader understand everything in a systematic and in ordered manner. The questions are
1986 (GATT) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade have taken the incitive to move towards the liberalization of international trade. GATT members agreed to reduce tariff and non-tariff trade barriers. From 1986 to the present due to GATT's lead many markets have been open to the United States increasing exports and increasing efficiency through competition. One of the most aggressive liberalization groups to follow GATT's lead is APEC (Asian Pacific Economic Community). APEC consist of 18 countries
Using the knowledge gained from the liberalization stage, the regime will target its most powerful opponents in order to prevent a full-blown takeover. These are usually limited to political parties and high-ranking officials, but it may extend to common citizens in extreme cases. That being said, the most common manifestation of the “crackdown” stage is the dissolution of the parliament. At this point, the regime may retract reforms made during the liberalization period. This can be done for a number
I this paper I am going to compare impacts of liberalization between two countries: Poland and Argentina. Let me first start with Argentina will compare the background, policies and consequences of both the countries. In Poland we say “Don’t praise the day before sunset.” By the early twentieth century Argentina was seventh wealthiest country. According to Jurnal of Latin America Studies “At this time, when the nation boasted one of the highest rates of growth of per capita income, no-one would have