Hypercalcemia is the abnormal calcium level in blood. Calcium helps maintain bones, contracts muscles, release hormones, and monitor functions of the nerves and brain. For calcium to maintain these functions; it has to stay at a normal level. Anything above the normal can cause other problems. There are three types of hypercalcemia. They are tertiary, familial and humoral. The tertiary is when the disease of the renal is in its end stage causeing the body to be resistance to vitamin D. The familial
Hyperparathyroidism is a disorder that results from an excess of parathyroid hormone in the bloodstream due to one or more of the body's four parathyroid glands being overactive. These glands are small and oval shaped and are located in the neck. The parathyroid hormones produced by the parathyroid glands help to maintain an acceptable balance of calcium in the bloodstream and in tissues that depend on calcium for proper functioning. There are two forms of hyperparathyroidism (HPT): primary HPT and
Osteoporosis is a silent, complex, multifactorial, chronic disease characterized by the progressive loss of bone density, which leads to the risk of imminent fractures (1). Osteoporosis "Osteo" is Latin for bone. "Pores" means "full of pores or holes." Thus, osteoporosis means "bones that are full of holes"(1). The bone mass reflects the balance between formation by osteoblasts and resorption by osteoclasts. Around the third decade of life the peak bone mass is reached, and then begins a slow process
Vitamin D and its role in cardiovascular disease Vitamin D has been established as an antirachitic for over 80 years and its effects on calcium and bone metabolism have been the main focus for the majority of its research years. Despite the countless medical advances of recent years, there has been a resurgence of vitamin D deficiency around the globe. Largely due to insufficient sunlight exposure, many individuals nowadays are suffering from cardiovascular diseases which could be attributed to hypovitaminosis
Nephrolithiasis, also known as kidney stone, affects up to 5% of the population, with a lifetime risk of passing a kidney stone of about 8-10% (Parmar 2004). Conforming to Melmed, Polonsky, Larsen & Kronenberg (2011) the waste products of the blood can form crystals which can collect inside the kidneys and aggregate to form stones. Normally the stones are composed of phosphate, oxalate, uric acid, and magnesium ammonium phosphate, single or combined. The type of stone is determined by the pathogenic
calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, and amino acid cystine.1 Calcium oxalate stones often occur in patients with excess amount of calcium or oxalate that are not excreted by the body. Calcium phosphate stones are usually linked to hyperparathyroidism. Uric acid stones often occur in patients who have a history of gout, high protein diet, and minimal hydration. Amino acid cystine stones occur in patients with a hereditary disorder that causes their kidneys to excrete too much amino acid
Osteoporosis is a chronic condition in which bone loss causes a decrease in density and possible fracture. The spine, hip, and wrist are most often the bones that fracture, although any bone can fracture. Bone is tissue that is constantly undergoing changes in a process referred to as bone remodeling. Bone remodeling is defined as where bone tissue is removed from the skeleton and new bone tissue is formed. Osteoporosis occurs when osteoclast cells are more active than osteoblast cells. This results
Hypertension may not be common in children, but if present, may be a problem in children of any age. It is often missed due to medical professionals omitting to take the blood pressure in a child or the technique, used by the doctor to take the blood pressure, is incorrect.[7] In adults a high blood pressure is defined as a BP of 140/90 and higher but in children, to determine if the BP is high, one has to take into account the child’s age, weight and height. A child is said to have hypertension
In the articles a common goal was researchers feel that the loss and gain function of LRP5 affects bone formation, causes osteoporosis, and high bone mass. Bone formation forms cartilage growth and replacement by bone is responsible for most growth in vertebrates. Bones is living, growing tissue and it made of collagen and calcium phosphate that adds strength and hardness. However, Osteoporosis has become a major health problem due to unknown cause. When bone resorption occurs too quickly or when
Treatments to stop bleeding due to this case include using elastic bands to tie off bleed... ... middle of paper ... ...more frequent in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal failure and hyperparathyroidism. The causes include the infection of H.pylori and causes of acute gastritis. Medications similar to gastritis are used to treat this disease. Stomach cancer or gastric cancer is a malignant tumor arising from the lining of the stomach. Adenocarcinoma
Vitamin D is one of the essential nutrients that we need in our bodies and what makes us healthy. Vitamin D's functions in the body by digesting calcium, which both calcium and vitamin D can keep bones and strong and healthy, and constrain the release of parathyroid hormone. This hormone consumes bone tissue, which provides the bones thin and fragile. Also, vitamin D can enact as a role in muscle formation and the immune system, which the immune system can prevent illnesses and fight off infections
Calcium can be absorbed through two major transport systems: active transport and passive diffusion; about 60% of calcium is absorbed in the small intestine (duodenum and proximal jejunum) (1,2). An important player in calcium absorption is Vitamin D, more specifically in the intestine calcium absorption. Vitamin D in calcitriol form was historically limited to muscle tissue of bones, the kidneys, and the intestine. However, it is now know that calcitriol plays an important roll is other tissue
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious disease with complications that may have fatal results in some cases. DKA is defined as an insulin deficiency that occurs when glucose fails to enter insulin into muscles such as: liver and adipose tissue. When there is an accumulation of ketones, it leads to metabolic acidosis which causes nausea and vomiting, as a result fluid and electrolytes are lost (Gibbs). There are many complications of diabetic ketoacidosis, some of the most prevalent are: Cerebral
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious disease with complications that may have fatal results in some cases. DKA is defined as an insulin deficiency that occurs when glucose fails to enter insulin into muscles such as: liver and adipose tissue. When there is an accumulation of ketones, it leads to metabolic acidosis which causes nausea and vomiting, as a result fluid and electrolytes are loss (Gibbs). There are many complications of diabetic ketoacidosis, some of the most prevalent are: Cerebral
weakened and affected the most by condition. These would include the spine, the hips and the wrists. The hormones that are involved are estrogen (in women) and testosterone (in men). When these hormone levels decrease bone decay increases. Hyperparathyroidism can also cause osteoporosis due to too
Osteoporosis and the Effects it has on Everyday Life Jessica Taylor Histology- Dr. Lipka William Carey University Abstract: Osteoporosis is a bone disorder that occurs in people with poor bone density. This disorder can cause secondary illnesses such a fragility fractures. There are many risk factors that can cause osteoporosis, and there are preventative measures that can be used in prolonging a person’s chances of developing osteoporosis in later adulthood life. Diagnosis is easily achievable
Judith Arista MED 2047 Osteoporosis Instructor Brittany Hallett 03/12/2015 VNPT029 Osteoporosis is a bone disease of that causes a decrease in bone mass. In osteoporosis the bones become weak and fragile. Since the bone mass is decreased, the bones have more of chance of fractures. The bone is continuously breaking down by cells which is known as osteoclasts and rebuilding by other cells known as osteoblasts. Osteoporosis happens once the reabsorption causes the bones to reach a fracture threshold
Context: Hypercalcemia is a commonly encountered clinical problem. In the majority (90%) of the cases it is either due to malignancy or primary hyperparathyroidism and is rarely due to granulomatous disease. Case Description: We report the case of a muscular sarcoidosis in a 41 year old Caucasian woman with background history of well controlled asthma and anxiety. She presented with lethargy and she had a raised calcium level of 4.2mmol/L. She had no other significant clinical history and her
Chronic pancreatitis What is chronic pancreatitis? Chronic pancreatitis is a medical condition characterized by long term repetitive pancreatic injury and inflammation, which ultimately results in pancreatic fibrosis and dysfunction. The most common cause is chronic alcohol use. The pancreas is a critical organ that has both endocrine (hormonal) and exocrine (enzymatic) function. Islet cells in the pancreas generate important hormones such as insulin and glucagon. The pancreas also releases digestive
Case Study Through analysis of the signs and symptoms provided in the case study it can be concluded that the patient is likely to have stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) also known as end stage renal failure (ESRF). During the patient’s initial medical examination she had severe hypertension as her blood pressure (BP) was 190/100 mmHg imposing a great risk to health. On examination a few weeks later the patients’ BP was still significantly raised at 185/95 mmHg. In accordance with NICE guidelines