The freezing point of p-xylene was calculated as 13.29C after averaging the data that appeared on Graph 1 once the temperature leveled off. With this value, the Tf for each trial was able to be calculated through Equation 1, which led to Kf being calculated in Equation 2. Both equations were able to be used given that the measurements were in terms of molality, which is not temperature dependent. After completing calculations, the average Kf of the three trials of the p-xylene and toluene solution
Freezing point depression: First, the freezing point depression of magnesium chloride was found. To begin, an ice bath was created in a 600 mL beaker filled with ice provided in the laboratory and rock salt. Next, Four different solutions with concentrations of 0.0 g (control), 0.2 g, 0.4 g, and 0.6g of magnesium chloride and 15 mL of deionized water were created. Each solution was made in a 100 mL beaker. The solutions containing magnesium chloride were stirred with a glass rod until the salt was
The freezing point of p-xylene was calculated by taking the average calculated Kf of the three trials of the p-xylene and toluene solution. The average of the three trials was computed as 4.56(C/m) as shown in Table 1, however, the theoretical value was slightly lower than calculated, 4.3(C/m). This resulted in a 6.04% error as shown in Equation 5; possible causes of error could have resulted from adding too much solute or too little solvent, then the calculations would have been off given that the
salt works by decreasing the melting or freezing point of the liquid. The result is called 'freezing point depression'. This method has both advantages and limitations, and though using salt to de-ice the roads saves many lives each year, it has considerable drawbacks. When salt (NaCl) is combined with water (H2O), an external compound is dissolved and introduced to the solution. The freezing point of H2O becomes lower as more particles are added until the point where the salt can no longer dissolve
Katrina Epps Lab Partner: Jennifer Carter Tim Little CHE113-011 17 February 2014 Freezing Point of Sugar and Salt Introduction The purpose of this lab was to determine the molality of sugar and salt substance through calculating the freezing point depression (freezing point depression is the effect of lowering the freezing point of a substance due to an increased amount of solute added to the solvent in that the solute decreases the amount of vapor pressure) when the sugar or salt substance is added
solute mass ratio, which include depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point, lowering in vapor pressure, and osmotic pressure. Every kind of liquid basically has a freezing point, they just vary in temperature. Water for instance, has a freezing point of 0℃ or 32℉. If you add a solute to water though, the solute molecules disrupt the formation of the crystals. In freezing point depression, when you put a solvent in a solution it lowers its freezing point. For instance, if you put an X
Blank 4/9/02 Effects of Salts on the Freezing Point of Water In this experiment, you will study the effect that several solutes have on the Freezing Point of water. When a solute is dissolved in a liquid, the temperature at which that liquid freezes decreases, because the molecules of the solute become attached to the water molecules, making it more difficult for the water to form its crystaline shape and form into ice. This process is called Freezing Point Depression. In this experiment, you will be
Helium (Greek helios,"sun"), symbol He, inert, colorless, odorless gas element. In group 18 of the periodic table, helium is one of the noble gases. The atomic number of helium is 2. Pierre Janssen discovered helium in the spectrum of the corona of the sun during an eclipse in 1868. Shortly after it was identified as an element and named by the chemist Sir Edward Frankland and the British astronomer Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer. The gas was first isolated from terrestrial sources in 1895 by the British
his journey, the man gets his feet wet as he falls through the ice into the water of a hot spring (London 122). Because of the severity of the cold, some “one hundred and seven degrees below [the] freezing point,” the man’s life depends upon his ability to promptly light a fire to keep his feet from freezing (122-23). After one, half-successful fire-starting endeavor, and several other pitiful attempts, the hopelessness of the man’s lone struggle against the hostile environment of the Yukon begins to
same; makers marked the low point on the scale during the coldest day in Florence that year. They marked the high point during the hottest day. Fahrenheit wanted thermometers to be reproducible during the year and realized the trick wasn't using the coldness or hotness of a particular day or place, but finding materials that changed at certain temperatures. For seven years Fahrenheit worked on an alcohol thermometer scale, based on three points. He chose the freezing point of a certain salt-water mixture
basic properties include having a density of 8.96grams/ centimeters3. Density is a measure of mass per unit of volume in a substance. Copper has a melting point of 1083.3 degrees Celsius. A melting point of a substance is the temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid. Also, the freezing point of Copper is 2567 degrees Celsius. The freezing point of substance is the temperature a liquid changes to a solid. There are also many physical properties of Copper including conductivity, malleability, ductility
understand the construction methodology of arctic roadbuilding we need to understand the mechanics and properties of permafrost. It's All About Heat * What is Permafrost? Permafrost is defined as ground that has been at a temperature below the freezing point of water for more than two years. A large portion of the ground in Alaska is defined as permafrost (some estimates say as much as 80 percent). Permafrost can extend to a depth of several hundred feet, or it can be as little as several feet deep
bonds hold water together and give it its cohesiveness. These bonds are also very important to water's ability to absorb heat, as without hydrogen bonds water would have a boiling point of -80 degrees C and a freezing point of -100 degrees C. In reality, however, water has a boiling point of 100 degrees C and a freezing point of 0 degrees C. The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one Celsius degree is called a Calorie. One Calorie is about twice as much energy as
Kalabaka Climate Greece is perfect for those who enjoy the sun, as for over two thirds of the year the country basks under clear, sunny skies. Temperatures do vary, however. Winters are mild and rainy, with temperatures sometimes dropping to freezing point, especially in the north. Summers are long and dry, with extremes of 37°C (99°F), making the yearly mean temperature about 17°C (63°F). For those not overly fond of the heat, the mountainous areas offer some respite as they receive more rain in
larger one. The bonds between water molecules are so strong that water resists changes in its state (Solid, liquid, gas); thus water has a higher melting point and a higher boiling point than another molecule of similar size. If water followed the example of other molecules its size it would have a boiling point of -75øC and a freezing point of -125øC4. This would mean that, on Earth, water would be a gas all of the time and life would not be possible. When heat is applied to solid water, some
graph. To ensure that the proper equivalence point was used, a new point had to be extrapolated that was roughly the point at which the graph went from concave up to concave down. This point was at 21.28 mL of NaOH added and pH of 9.20. Dividing both of these points by two, the half equivalence point was found to be at a pH of 5.30 and 10.64 mL of NaOH added. The pH is equal to the pKa here, so the pKa was found to be 5.30. Using data from the equivalence point extrapolated from the graph, the molar mass
higher boiling point than water, so when salt is added to water, the solution has a higher boiling point than pure water. The sodium ions and chloride ions present in sodium chloride disassociate and dissolve in water. These ions interfere with the dipole interactions that occur between molecules of water. The dissolved sodium ions and chloride ions require more energy to separate from the water molecules in the solution than the water molecules from themselves, so the boiling point of the solution
roads? The answer to this question relies heavily on how well sodium chloride decreases the freezing point when dissolved in water, as well cost and its environmental impact. To determine this, the freezing point of varying molality’s of sodium chloride were compared to pure deionized water. The results of this experiment revealed that as more sodium chloride was dissolved, the freezing point depression increased. These values were anywhere from -1.14 and -4.51 degrees Celsius. Another strong indicator
the car stay cool. It is a combination of the chemical Ethylene glycol or Propylene glycol, which is 50%, and 50% water. Antifreeze is used during the winter & summer, to keep the car engine stay cool and running, and to achieve the freezing and boiling point depression, depending on the weather. Antifreeze allows the engine fuel to fully vaporize and burn better with less transmission. It also allows keeping the engine keep clean and operating efficiently as the car goes. CHEMICALS FOUND IN ANTIFREEZE
situations in her life that are taking place. For instance, some of her situations are her bills t not getting paid and a man broke her heart. She goes to the doctor to get a prescription for her depression, but refuses to take drugs. At that point, she decides to go on a small adventure to cure her depression. Houston camp up with a solution to go camping overnight in the mountains of Salt Lake City, Utah in February and its 32 degrees below zero on the Fahrenheit scale with her two dogs Jackson and