Chirality in Chemistry Chirality is a term which may be applied to any asymmetric object or molecule. It is the property of non-identity of an object with its mirror image. A chiral compound is one which is not superimposable on its mirror image. This property of molecules has a great importance in the chemistry feild as it provides us with an understanding of the shapes of molecules which then in turn, gives us an insight on the way they react in a particular reaction. Chirality in chemistry
Total Synthesis of CP Compounds Man's fascination with the many uses that can be found with the exploitation of natural substances has been demonstrated time and again throughout history, but the stage was set at the turn of the century for organic chemists to begin to focus on utilizing natural compounds for the benefit of medicinal and industrial uses. The discoveries of penicillin, aspirin, and other naturally occurring useful compounds in the earlier parts of the century set the stage for
an unknown chiral secondary alcohol using the competing enantioselective conversion (CEC) method. This method uses both R- and S- enantiomers of a chiral acyl-transfer catalyst called homobenzotetramisole (HBTM), in separate parallel reactions, and thin layer chromatography to identify the stereochemistry of the secondary alcohol, whether it be an R- or S- enantiomer. Quantitative analysis was performed using a program called ImageJ after the appropriate picture was taken of the stained TLC plate
Enantiomers, a type of isomer, are non-superimposable, mirror images of each other. Diasteriomers, another type of isomer, are non-superimposable, non-mirror images of each other. Dimethyl maleate and dimethyl fumarate are diasteriomers, as they are not mirror
1-What is the physiological role of histamine? Histamine is a biogenic amine involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter. Histamine triggers the inflammatory response. It increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and other proteins, in order to allow them to engage foreign invaders in the affected tissues. It is found in virtually all animal body cells 2-How is histamine synthesised within the
plane polarized light can rotate to the left, right, or not at all. A substance is considered optically active if it is able to rotate the plane polarized light to the either the left or right. A substance being optically active means that it has an enantiomer. To be optically active, the viewed substance must have a chiral center. A chiral center is defined as a carbon atom that has four different R groups linked to it. The positions of the 4 R groups determine which way the plane polarized light is
methylsulfinyl]-3H-benzoimidazole.7 The chemical formula for esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate is (C17H18N3O3S) 2Mg. 3H2O. The three water molecules show that esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate is slightly soluble in water.7 Esomeprazole salt is the S-enantiomer of omeprazole which contains both S and R-isomers.7 The S-isomer is active as it is attached to four different compounds meanwhile the R-isomer is inactive. The chiral center of the S-isomer is the sulfur which is located in the middle of the compound
Thalidomide (α- phthalimido-glutarimide) was first marketed in Germany in 1956 as a sedative. In the following few years, it was prescribed in many countries in Europe, Asia, and Australia, to pregnant women in order to alleviate nausea and help them sleep [1]. However, it was banned in 1961 following an epidemic of malformations of the limbs, ears, and of internal organs. The negative effects of thalidomide led to the development of more structured drug regulations and control over drug use and
leading to limb distortion in babies. Some of the several planned mechanisms of teratogenicity touch on various biological purpose for the (R) - and the (S)-thalidomide enantiomers. In the human body however, thalidomide undergoes racemization whereby justified if only one of the two enantiomers is apply as a drug, the other enantiomer is produced as a outcome of metabolism. Accordingly, it is wrong to state that one of the stereoisomer is harmless while the other is teratogenic. Next, the properties
one of the bromine atoms acqu... ... middle of paper ... ...ge of 202-204 ᵒC. Therefore, the concluded mechanism was anti addition of bromine to trans-cinnamic acid resulting in (2S, 3R- and 2R, 3S) 2,3-dibromo-3-phenylpropanoic acid (pair of enantiomers) based off the key pieces of data derived from the melting point experimentation. If this experiment were to be conducted again, some possible changes can be to use a greater mass of reagents. This can help lower the chance in having the unreacted
Jurassic Park The girl shrieks as the giant tree trunk of a leg crashes down shaking the earth. Her screams are then drowned out by the prehistoric roar of the genetically engineered Tyrannosaurus Rex as it searches for prey (Crichton, 1991). Everyone remembers this scene from the best-selling novel by Michael Crichton, Jurassic Park. These scenes were then brought to life by producer/director Steven Spielberg in the immensely popular movie by the same name. Is this possible? As technological
In order to better understand the concept of isomerism, it is good to begin at the root of the word itself. Isomerism can be broken down from ancient Greek language. In Greek, iso means “same”, while meros translates to “part.” From this, one can deduce that isomerism is a concept associated with similar parts. Essentially, isomerism in chemistry is defined as having two or more molecules containing the same number and kind of atoms, but differing in structure and/or function. Today, one can learn
1. The local anesthetics dibucaine (basic pKa=8.8) and articaine (basic pKa=7.8) are frequently used as local anesthetics. What is the percentage of unionized drug present at pH 7.4? Why is the amount of unionized drug important for the action of local anesthetics? Inflammed tissue (caused by wounds or infections) frequently has a lower, more acidic pH environment. How would a more acidic pH affect the amount of unionized drug? (10 points) Dibucaine (basic pKa= 8.8) pH= 7.4 (Healthy tissue) Percent
In a healthy human being, the body is able to prevent excessive bleeding. This prevention occurs through the action of plasma and this specific action causes the plasma to become sticky and form clots. Clots are composed at the place where the injury occurs to stop excessive bleeding due to possible wounds in the area and potentially causing death. Clotting takes place naturally and it relies on many chemical reactions occurring in the body so a substance called thrombin can be produced. However
Sweetness. Lower molecular weight amino acids, except proline, are sweet irrespective of their configuration, and D-enantiomers of high molecular weight amino acids are generally sweet (Kemp & Birch, 1989). D-amino acids do not occur naturally but may be produced during food processing due to racemisation. There are currently no known natural peptides with a sweet taste (Weir, 1992). The synthetic peptide most recognised for its taste is L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester, i.e. aspartame
Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures,1 and by the neurobiological, cognitive, psychological and social consequences of this condition. An epileptic seizure is a brief disturbance of consciousness, behavior, emotion, motor function, or sensation that is due to abnormal electrical discharge in the brain.2 In partial-onset epilepsy, these bursts of electrical activity are initially focused in specific areas of the brain, but may
Introduction During this week’s lab, both the cis and trans enantiomers of 2-methylcyclohexanol will be produced through the reduction of 2-methyclcyclohexanone with sodium borohydride. Once the product is formed, NMR signals are used to examine the product of this reduction by observing the cis and trans location of the CH2OH group. The integration of the signal will then be examined and to show the ratio of cis and trans product that is formed through this reaction. Experimental Procedure
I have been interested in studying Pharmacy since my experience in my home country of Eritrea highlighted by the basic health care system existing there, and I have had the first-hand experience of how the lack of medication affects a community's health. When I moved to the UK and studied GCSE Science I was further convinced that pharmacy is the career that I wanted to pursue. This shaped my choice of A-levels in Biology, Chemistry and Mathematics. Working in a pharmaceutical field will give me the
I have always been inspired by the workings of chemistry and mathematics. My studies of these subjects have developed my understanding and have made me pursue my interest in these two topics. I want to take up chemistry as it involves a large amount of mathematics which I value and understand to be challenging, yet very enjoyable, as there is always an alternative route to obtain the answer. Additionally, I am drawn to the course because it is a mixture of all these exacting subjects, forming a degree
Carbohydrates and Lipids Unit 2: Biochemistry of Macromolecules Humera Ishafaq Carbohydrates and Lipids Introduction Carbohydrates are the most numerous classes of bio-organic compounds in the biological sphere. The element forms a great percentage of the earth’s biomass, from tiny cells components to the food consumed for metabolic energy. Better understanding of carbohydrate molecules and their formations is of significance. In organic chemistry, monosaccharide’s is the simplest unit of carbohydrates