system (Abdel-Wahhab and Kholif, 2008). Moreover, conversion of feed to animal protein usually reduces when mycotoxins are present in animal feed (Rodricks and Stoloff, 1977). The most important mycotoxins that most at times occur in feedstuffs are aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1), ochratoxin A, patulin, toxins produced by Fusarium molds (which includes fumonisins B1, B2 and B3), trichothecenes (which includes nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxin) and zearalenone (Nielsen and Smedsgaard,
as aflatoxins are among the most potent mutagenic and carcinogenic substances known (CAST, 2003). Mycotoxins are associated with many chronic health risks, including the induction of cancer , immune suppression, an digestive blood and nerve defects (CAST, 2003, Shepherd, 2006).Now there are more than 300 known Mycotoxins are found with widely different chemical structure and different mode of action and some target the kidney and liver and immune systems. Common Mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins
with a group of mycotoxins called aflatoxin[1]. Economically, mycotoxins cause illness and death in humans and animals, and increase cost of food production and toxin management. Examples of economically important mycotoxin-producing fungi include Aspergillus spp., Alternaria spp., Claviceps spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Acremonium spp., Phomopsis spp., and Stachybotrys spp.[4]. Cancer is the most studied mycotoxicosis among the others, with aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and fumonisins being
different groups. For example, aflatoxin is a hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, difuran-containing, polyketide-derived Aspergillus toxins (Bennett and Klich, 2003). 3.1.1 Aflatoxins Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) are considered to be the group of mycotoxins of greatest concern from a global perspective. They are primarily produced by Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and in rare cases, by A. nomius (Nida’M and Ahmad, 2010). AFB1, the most abundant and most toxic aflatoxin [(Prandini et al., 2009), is often
Hunting over bait is a debated issue across the country. Baiting deer has a negative effect on deer populations as well as other non-target species and habitats. The potential for disease transmission between species is far more prevalent in areas where baiting practices are administered than those that are not. These diseases are not only harmful to deer and other species, they can be fatal. Not only is there potential to spread disease, there are certain behavioral, social, and ecological impacts
The controversy regarding the sub-therapeutic use of antibiotics in animal feeds is that “super-bugs” are able to evolve. This is a threat to both the health of the animals and humans. What a “super-bug” refers to is a strain of bacteria that has evolved to be resistant to bacteria and lethal to the host organism. These super-bugs account for the death of roughly 48,000 Americans each year (Adams, 2013). These superbugs proliferate in the digestive tracts of hosts. Each dose of antibiotics in
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF MYCOTOXINS 3.1. Main types of mycotoxins There are several classification of mycotoxins base on the field of study. Different researchers grouped mycotoxins according to their area of study and the toxicity levels. For example, the Cell biologist grouped mycotoxins into generic classes such as teratogens, mutagens, carcinogens, and allergens. While the clinicians classified mycotoxins base on the body organs they affect such as hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, immunotoxins
Pesticides: Feeding the World Every day, new worries arise concerning over-population and the future of earth. People are afraid of starvation and endemic diseases. The problem with present food production is not of land shortage, but of yields too low to feed a doubled world population. Plant geneticists are creating hybrid plants that have higher yields and more resistance to unwanted and harmful organisms. Even with the new plants, pesticides must be applied to reap the hybrid's full potential
Causes of cancer Epidemiologists had identified many important causes of cancer by the early of 1980s. Many types of cancer vary in incidence by more than an order of magnitude between different populations and every type is rare in some part of the world. Many specific causes cancer are now known, the most common are by smoking, obesity and a few oncogenic viruses, but a large proportion of global variation for common cancers such as breast, prostate, colon and rectum remains unexplained (Peto J
healthy baby. But, like any other food, peanut butter also has its side effects. Allergic reactions are the most common side effects of peanut butter. A further risk is that when badly conserved, it can host the mold Aspergillus flavus, which produces aflatoxin (a very toxic and carcinogenic substance), so it is better to consume natural peanut
Introduction Thin layer chromatography is a classical case of adsorption or solid/liquid chromatography or planar chromatography. In planar chromatography, the stationary phase is applied on a flat surface and movement of mobile phase is due to the capillary action. The stationary phase is normally a polar absorbent and the mobile phase can be a single solvent or combination of solvents. Adsorption is a concentration dependent process and adsorption coefficient is not constant, in contrast to partition
Cancer is a genetic disease because it can be traced to alteration within specific genes, but in most cases, it is not an inherited disease. The genetic alterations that lead to most cancers arise in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of a somatic cell during the lifetime of affected individual. Because of these genetic changes, cancer cells proliferate uncontrollably, producing malignant tumour that invade surrounding healthy tissue. As long as the growth of tumour remains localized, the disease can
Liver Cancer What is Liver Cancer? Liver cancer is abnormal cell growth on or within the liver. Liver cancer is either starts in the liver (called primary liver cancer) or it spreads to the liver (called metastatic liver cancer). Metastatic liver cancer is more common in United States and Western Europe, while primary liver cancer is common in third world nations. Liver cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world. In the United States, it affects twice as many men as women; the
for the sake of preserving the employees’ jobs. Sometimes, managers may engage in unethical behavior just to preserve jobs. In Chapter 10’s Ethical Challenge, a manager was being pressured to manufacture chips with corn that were contaminated with aflatoxin and sell them to countries abroad just to save the company’s employees. Managers in Berle Inc. must assess how their actions will affect all stakeholders and whether the ultimate decision is rooted in ethics.
Cancer Right now, cancer is one of the most feared diseases in the world. In the early 1990s almost 6 million new cancer cases developed and more than 4 million deaths from cancers occurred. Also more than one-fifth of all deaths were caused by cancer and it has been predicted, by the American Cancer Society, that about 33% of Americans will eventually develop this disease. This is a huge disease that is killing people all over the world. The field of cancer study is called Oncology. The
From the moment of its creation, protein powder has been engulfed in a tornado of controversy. Doctors, scientists, and athletes have debated on whether or not it should be used for years. Protein provides the building blocks for all cells and membranes, hormones and various growth factors. Elena Voropay, a writer for Iron Man Magazine, says “Protein is found literally everywhere in your system: there is protein in your muscle tissues, your heart, in the enzymes that digest your food, in your skin
Position of Maize in World Cereals 2010-11 Total cereals production in the world is 688MM ha, with a a production of 2,458 MMT annually. Below is the split of this production FAOSTAT 2012 Position of Maize in Pakistan Cereals 2010-11 In Pakistan, total area under cereals production is 13MM ha, with a production of 34 MMT annually. Below is the split of crop and its yield. FAOSTAT 2012 To process Doritos locally, a complete production line is required, starting from corn grain silo till stacking
the taste and odours of the drinking water. Drinking of the infected water will cause fungal infections in human. Despite through water, human diseeses are also possible through several circumtances which include exposure to aflatoxins, direct infection and allergy. Aflatoxins or mycotoxins are harmful to animals or humans (Hedayati et al, 2007). Dramatic increases in fungal diseases caused by filamentous fungi have occured since 1980s (Latģe, 1999). Studies found that the etiological structure of
Biological warfare is infecting humans, animals and plants with a disease intentionally. This act is performed by introducing a bacterium or a virus into such an environment where population is not prepared to combat the infection caused by a pathogen. During warlike situations these biological weapons result in potent killing of humans, livestock, plants and pets. The infection causing bacteria or viruses are genetically or conventionally modified to have resistance to antibiotics. These pathogens
This report will discuss how liver cancer affects the liver. I will discuss the how liver cancer affects the normal operation of the liver, what causes liver cancer, how this cancer can be detected and how this cancer can be treated. I will conclude with a discussion of how common liver cancer is. The liver is a vital organ which has multiple functions to keep the body operating normally. The liver stores vitamins, sugar and iron to help give the human body energy. It controls the production and