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How history and natural science relate
Theories on knowledge
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"That which is accepted as knowledge today is sometimes discarded tomorrow." Is it ever truly knowledge if it can be simply discarded the next day? Or alternatively if knowledge can be dismissed or discarded then where is its value? Can certain sources of knowledge be more easily discarded due to how they are researched?
Some people wish for concrete evidence to prove or disprove an idea or belief and through this can arrive at what they believe is knowledge of a topic. Through the study of History, the Natural Sciences and the sensory perceptions, we will see that an idea or belief, which is held to be knowledge one day, can be discarded or altered in the years to come, between which there is a major difference of conservation and destruction. The natural sciences can be seen as areas of knowledge that consistently discard hypotheses and also change them. However in contrast can it be seen that the study of history is able to discard more or less knowledge? Along these lines how does this knowledge link to the areas of knowledge within the study of history?
Scientific claims and theories can be held as knowledge for a long period of time. In order to gain knowledge in the natural sciences that which is claimed to be knowledge must be rigorously challenged and must stand up to the test of time by other scientists. Nothing in the natural sciences can be seen as simply true as it cannot be proved as 100% true; this means that science simply aims to prove that theories are either false or not false. This is due to that which can be regarded as knowledge will often be disregarded or built upon. In the natural sciences hypotheses are first created and then they undergo rigorous testing t...
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...knowledge could prove fatal to the progression of humans. Would it ever be possible however to have knowledge that cannot be discarded, since our opinions and ways of knowing are constantly changing? The closest that we may get to absolute certainty is mathematics. This contrasts to History and the Natural sciences as it relies upon variables that cannot change, allowing for knowledge that can be regarded as almost certain.
Works Cited
A Science Odyssey. “Hubble finds proof that the universe is expanding.” Date accessed September 22, 2013. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dp29hu.html.
Brainy Quote. “George Santayana.” Date accessed September 22, 2013. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/g/georgesant101521.html.
History Learning Site. “1945-1950.” Date accessed September 25, 2013. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/1945-1950.htm
Scientists have greatly taken todays advantage to make what once was research, factual evidence. To be a scientist takes great creativity and intelligence, and today’s scientists even past scientists had to rely on their hypothesis as a form to make a new discovery. John M Barry, the author of The Great Influenza explains how scientific reasoning. Barry compares scientific reasoning as very important, that a scientists works “…May break apart upon the sharp edge of a single laboratory finding.” This idea of his, compares what a scientists work may be with what it actually is.
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On December 20, 2016 per instruction of Staff Instructor Sergeant Donahue, the 63rd R.O.C at the Plymouth Police Academy was ordered to write a To-From about the Collective Knowledge Doctrine. This doctrine more or less describes that the knowledge of one, is the knowledge of all. Reasoning on behalf of this To-From, Staff Instructor Sergeant Donahue was informed about certain events that had happened to fellow student officers. During the 63rd R.O.C chow break on December 20, 2016, Staff Instructor Sergeant Donahue proceeded to call out the fellow student officers on so called “dirt” that he had on them. Of course, all of this information was retrieved from fellow Officers from their respected towns or cities. Which is again, the basis
In the AOK of the natural sciences, having a skeptical approach can be quite beneficial. The natural sciences utilizes extensive methods in which they come to conclusions about the information presented, based on the various experiment...
For a student trustful of today's scientific prowess, the realization that science cannot prove anything came as a surprise to me in high school science class last year. Indeed, a skepticist would say that finding real truth is never possible given the chaotic nature of our world. Such a worldview is among the several interconnected themes in Jonathan Coe's The Winshaw Legacy.
After considering all the described points in this paper, it can be rightly said that there is a considerable difference between science and other types of knowledge.
The Justified True Belief (JTB) theory of knowledge, often attributed to Plato , is a fairly straightforward theory of knowledge. It states that something must be true if person S believes proposition P, proposition P is true, and S is justified in believing in believing that P is true . While many consider the JTB theory to be vital to the understanding of knowledge, some, such as American Philosopher Edmund Gettier, believe that it is flawed. I tend to agree with Gettier and others who object to the JTB theory as an adequate theory of knowledge, as the JTB theory allows for a type of implied confirmation bias that can lead people to be justified in believing they know something even though it isn’t true.
Knowledge is gained through a myriad of personal experiences through a variety of ways that shapes a person’s understanding. The knowledge we obtain is the culmination of our experiences as we learn what our brain interprets from our senses. Knowledge is the transmission of information that shapes a person’s understanding on a particular topic using a way of knowing. The language used by others to formulate our own ideas and thoughts produce knowledge. The knowledge obtained can either be objective and subjective. The two areas of knowledge, history and arts, are both typically at fault for being inaccurate or bias. The role of history is to study, interpret and analyse the events of the past and relay these findings through language. Language communicates thoughts and ideas through a verbal or written broadcast, thus allowing knowledge to be conveyed. The arts are a broad area of knowledge that communicate knowledge through the manipulation of our sense perceptions that allow us to experience sensations through any of our five senses. The inaccuracies and biases of these areas of knowledge and ways of knowing is due to the pre-set beliefs and values that affect how an artist or a historian chooses to express a particular message to others. Each historian belongs to a school of historiography that holds the belief that an event was due to a specific set of factors and the language used supports this claim. Similarly, artists utilize our sense perceptions to convey a message through a painting. Arts are a broad area of knowledge to i...
There are many myths when talking about science. Myths are usually routined views or stories that help make sense of things. Misunderstandings of science are most likely due to educational programs. The article focuses on ten myths.
Generally, science is a hotly discussed and vehemently debated topic. It is difficult to achieve consensus in science, considering the fact that ideas are diverse about even science definition, leave alone the true interpretations and meaning of scientific experiments, philosophies and discoveries. However, these arguments, disagreements as well as continuous trials to find a better reasoning, logic and explanation are exactly what have always been driving science progress from art to art form. It is worth noting that, in Philosophy of Science: A Very Short Introduction, the Author-Samir Okasha explore various way of looking at science via the prism of life by citing a variety of scientific experiments, and providing examples from history of science.
Knowledge has a preliminary definition which is that it is justified true belief. Due to its dynamic nature, knowledge is subject to review and revision over time. Although, we may believe we have objective facts from various perceptions over time, such facts become re-interpreted in light of improved evidence, findings or technology and instigates new knowledge. This raises the questions, To what extent is knowledge provisional? and In what ways does the rise of new evidence give us a good reason to discard our old knowledge? This new knowledge can be gained in any of the different areas of knowledge, by considering the two areas of knowledge; History and Natural Sciences, I will be able to tackle these knowledge issues since they both offer more objective, yet regularly updated knowledge, which is crucial in order to explore this statement. I believe that rather than discarding knowledge we build upon it and in doing so access better knowledge, as well as getting closer to the truth.
Socrates once said “To know, is to know that you know nothing. That is the meaning of true knowledge.”(Citation ) The study of knowledge is something philosophers have been conducting from the creation of philosophy. In fact knowledge is one of the perennial topics of philosophy, just as nature of matter in the physical sciences. The discipline of knowledge is known as epistemology(Greek meaning of knowledge and reason). Epistemology is literally defined as means to reason about knowledge, to think about knowledge and to examine knowledge so that we may better ourselves. Philosophers who study knowledge attempt to study what makes up knowledge, the kinds of things one can know, what the limits of knowledge and above all, the age long question
Beginning with the scientific revolution in the fifteen hundreds, the Western world has become accustomed to accepting knowledge that is backed by the scientific method, a method that has been standardized worldwide for the most accurate results. This method allows people to believe that the results achieved from an experiment conducted using the scientific method have been properly and rigorously tested and must therefore be the closest to truth. This method also allows for replication of any experiment with the same results, which further solidifies the credibility and standing of natural science in the world. Another aspect that allows for the reliability on the natural sciences is the current paradigm boxes, which skew the truth to remove anomalies. This affects the outcome of experiments as the hypotheses will be molded to create results that fit the paradigm box.
What is stated above happens around us all the time. Something might be proven today, but proven wrong tomorrow. Therefore I completely agree to this statement. But how do we accept something to be knowledge, and what makes one thing knowledge and the other thing just a theory? We can look at it from various aspects.
According to Lowe, knowledge requires a form of action to be accurate and precise. In other words, knowledge is created on the basis of a rationally conceived design such as an experiment. Experiments are a great example of how action is required to produce or replicate knowledge. Moreover, one necessitates research and a rational design to attain certainty in his or her knowledge claim. Generally, this certainty may be achieved with an experiment. Natural sciences may be referred to as a science of the physical world, whereas a social science may be defined as a branch of science dealing with human society and relationships. Furthermore, social sciences and natural science may be distinguished by the method of their creation. In general, natural sciences usually require a form of action (i.e. experiment) to provide justification for their knowledge claims whereas social sciences don’t require action to justify their knowledge claims. An example of a method that doesn’t require action may be a case study. One may wonder which method is more reliable and accurate. A knowledge questions that arises from this situation is: To what extent is action required to justify knowledge. In this essay, I am going to examine the extent at which action is required to justify a knowledge claim. By taking both natural and social sciences into consideration. By taking personal experiences and relevant knowledge issues into account, this essay will discuss several aspects regarding the knowledge question.