I will explain the psychology of learning and the theories I use in my practice. Analysing these theories and teaching methods will give rise, to investigating how these will help in teaching and learning ‘In a nutshell, a principle is a value, belief or ethic relating to something you do and the theory is that which explains why it works’.(Wilson 2009:350) In delivering of a lessons, educator must keep in mind SMARTER objectives. Investigating these theories the focus must be on the implication they have on my practice. These are only useful in so far as they can help the learners achieve the lesson aims and objectives. (Wallace 2007:93) Behaviourism is where a person learns through responding to stimuli so as to optimise their own situation. This means that humans have a need to learn so by adapting to a changing environment around to be able to survive. For instance a learner who has some sensory impairment will adapt their own learning styles to accommodate for this barrier by adapting method and using experience they are able to achieve the same learning outcomes as other learners. Pavlov’s theory is known has classical conditioning ‘He is remembered for the salivating dogs which illustrates very usefully the central behaviourist idea that behaviour can be predicted, measured and controlled, and that learning a matter of stimulus and response (Wallace 2007:97).’ Thorndike’s theory is known as trial and error. He places a hungry cat into a cage, and put the food outside the cage. So the cat used trial and error to discover how to get to the food outside the cage. This process was timed and recorded for each attempt. It was found that each time the experiment was repeated with the same cat the time taken was reduced proving t... ... middle of paper ... ...ct, Teacher and Learner. Humanism is base on process, Andragogy and Gestaltists and the delivery of this system: Learner, Subject and Teacher. By realising that these theories overlap one another in several ways, I conclude that I need to incorporate a varied approach to curriculum delivery which will give learners maximum scope so to absorb new information, engage with enthusiasm and make the necessary connection with previous knowledge so to ensure long-term retention. Bibliography Gravels Ann, (2008) Preparing to teach in the Lifelong Leaning Sector. Third edition UK: Learning Matter Petty Geoff (2009) Teaching Today Fourth edition Nelson Thorns Wallace Susan (2009) Teaching Tutoring and Training in the Lifelong Learning Sector Third edition learning Matters Wilson Linda (2009) Practical Teaching: A guide to PTLLS & DTLLS DELMAR Engage Learning
The poem “Students” by Tom Wayman, shows four different learning styles: The Vaccination Theory of Education, The Dipstick Theory of Education, The Easy Listener Theory of Learning, and The Kung Fu Theory of Education. Wayman is a teacher that has noticed that every person devolves into one of these different learning styles. The four different theory of education are used every day even if we do not know.
Behaviourism main theorist included Skinner, Pavlov and Thorndike who describes this theory as having a ‘stimulus and response’. Petty states, ‘learners are motivated by expected reward of some kind (such as praise or satisfied curiosity); learning will not take place without it’ (Petty, 2009:15-16). In addition, there should be immediate reinforcement otherwise this will cause a delay in learning. Another principle of behaviourism is the learning should be step by step and not all at once and by doing so the learner has successions of successes which increase their motivation that leads ‘to more complex behaviour’. Petty also states that ‘effective teachers stress key points and summarise them at the beginning and at the end of the class and, makes use of old learning in developing new learning’ (Petty, 2009:16).
He discovered classical conditioning after seeing how the dogs were stimulated to respond to their food and anything related to food such as the noise of the door or person coming towards them (King, 2016). He eventually conditioned the dogs to respond to a bell as it did when it was exposed to the food (King, 2016). Pavlov accomplished this by introducing a neutral stimulus, the bell, which is a stimulus that doesn’t result in a response like conditioned or unconditioned stimuli (King, 2016). Initially, in this experiment salivation was an innate response to food, but after the introduction of the bell, it became a conditioned response because the dog learned that every time the bell rang, its food came along with it (King, 2016). Consequently, making the bell a conditioned stimulus which is a stimulus that resulted in a response after many times that the neutral stimulus was presented with the food (King,
Ivan Pavlov developed a theory called classical conditioning which proposes that learning process occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex like associating the food with the bell in Pavlov experiment. In classical conditioning, behavior is learnt by association where a stimulus that was originally neutral can become a trigger for substance use or cravings due to repeated associations between those stimuli and substance use (Pavlov, 1927).
Behaviourism is a view that indicate that a learner is essentially passive, responding to environmental things in the world. The learner begins as a clean slate and behaviour is manner through positive or negative reinforcements. Both positive and negative reinforcements induces the probability that the antecedent behaviour will happen again. In contrast, punishment (both positive and negative) reduces the likelihood that the
The processes within each of the three learning theories offer valuable self-regulation strategies for my specialization of psychology. My interest is criminology and I would have to apply all three learning theories in my cases to allow me to solve cases. Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and contends that there are no philosophical differences between publicly observable processes (such as actions) and privately observable processes, such as
...ores, teachers fall in to teaching fact mode so that their students might meet the average. Perkins sees trends in education: what he calls “elementitis” which he describes as learning mechanisms of a subject without ever putting the pieces together. All through this book the goals are to teach for understanding. Knowledge can be useful to solve other problems rather just useless facts. Advancing a student’s knowledge range of understanding goes beyond the facts given; it is developing insight into many important concepts so that they can make connections to form the bigger picture or the whole game. Students will achieve higher goals when they see why the facts are important, how this relates to their life and are able to connect those facts to form greater knowledge.
Petty states, ‘motivation in the behaviourist world is extrinsic in nature. Learning is encouraged by a reward of some description’ (2012: 17). The majority of my learners attend my courses through their employment advisors and come with a positive attitude keen to be on the course. Giving rewards to learners increases their confidence and desire to learn to further keep them engaged and enthusiastic. My course focuses on the end outcome of gaining a qualification and this is achieved by an on-line examination with set topics to be covered in the lessons. This curriculum demonstrates a behaviourism theory of learning by a teacher centred delivery, whereby the teacher provides the stimuli for the learners to respond. I use this method with rewards to draw out as much output from learners so they can achieve their full potential to complete the set units in the course and to achieve the main objective of gaining the qualification for the course.
According to the question that I am doing, in this assignment I am going to explain what I understand and find out about learning or can be label as behaviorism. What is learning? In psychology the term learning refers to permanent change in behavior through experience (Lahey, 2012, p. 194). My assignment will be the course of explaining the concept or the perception of learning in the stance of behaviorists Ivan Pavlov, John. B Watson, Edward Thorndike, B. F Skinner and Albert Bandura. Through my research of six journals I would use these journals to critically analyze the perception of the behaviorists that I had mentioned. I will attempt to combine the theories of these researchers from the six journals that I had examined.
The strength of classical conditioning is that it can help to explain all aspects of human behavior. Any of behavior can broke down into stimulus-response association, so that according to the classical conditioning, conditioned stimulus will lead conditioned response to occur, then the scientist can observe and determine the behavior (McLeod, 2014). In the case of Pavlovian conditioning, he found that when the conditioned stimulus (bell) was paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food) was presented to the dog, it would start to salivate. After a number of repeated this procedures, Pavlov tried to ring his bell by its own...
The overall essence of education or knowledge acquisition is reflected in an axiom by Confucius which says “Tell me, and I will forget; show me, and I will remember; but involve me, and I will understand. Back then, it was clear that learning was a comprehensive process which involves passionate exchanges between students and their teachers; unfortunately this is not the case in most modern classrooms. Instead of the expected bidirectional communication between learners and teachers, in the modern learning environment there is a unidirectional system which involves the teacher incessantly hurling facts at students who, due to their passive roles as mere receptacles, have fallen asleep or; in the case of “best” students are mindlessly taking notes. This leads to a situation where knowledge has neither been conferred nor acquired.
Behaviorism is a theory of learning that focuses on the way that pleasant or unpleasant consequences of behavior can change someone’s behavior over time. It’s based upon the idea that all behaviors are developed through forms of conditioning. Conditioning happens through interacting with the environment, and behaviorism is the belief that our responses to these environmental stimuli shape our behaviors.
Behaviourist teaching methods have proven most successful in areas where there is a “correct” response or easily memorized material. New behaviours or changes in behaviours are acquired through associations between stimuli and responses. Behaviourism theorists believe that knowledge
The biggest challenge before a teacher is the presentation of a lesson. If a lesson presentation is effective, students can reach the goals of life by acquisition of knowledge; and if the teacher is unsuccessful in his presentation, it is impossible to achieve the educational objectives. The method of teaching is directly related to the presentation of the lesson. The method of teaching depends on the nature of the subject, and the tact of the teacher. This essay is aimed at assessing teaching methods and strategies used in schools and discuss innovations that should take place to make them more effective and learner centred. Brandes and Ginnis (1996:167) acknowledge that the movement from established well-known ground to explore new teaching strategies is a tough challenge to teachers.
In this course I experienced an important change in my beliefs about teaching; I came to understand that there are many different theories and methods that can be tailored to suit the teacher and the needs of the student. The readings, especially those from Lyons, G., Ford, M., & Arthur-Kelly, M. (2011), Groundwater-Smith, S., Ewing, R., & Le Cornu, R. (2007), and Whitton, D., Barker, K., Nosworthy, M., Sinclair, C., Nanlohy, P. (2010), have helped me to understand this in particular. In composing my essay about teaching methods and other themes, my learning was solidified, my knowledge deepened by my research and my writing skills honed.