The most commonly used vision-based coding system is the facial action coding system (FACS) proposed by Ekman and Friesen [5] for The Facial Action Coding System: A Technique for the Measurement of Facial Movement, FACS enables facial expression analysis through standardized coding of changes in facial motion in terms of atomic facial actions called Action Units (AUs). The tracking and recognition of facial activities are characterized by three levels, first in the bottom level, facial feature points around each facial component is captured. Second in the middle level, Facial action units defined using the facial action coding system(FACS), represent the contribution of a specific set of facial muscles. Finally in the top level, six prototypical facial expressions represents the global facial muscle movement and are commonly used to describe the human emotion states.
Lyons et al. [6] Classifying facial attributes using a 2-D Gabor wavelet representation and discriminant analysis used a set of multi scale, multi orientation Gabor filters to transform the images first. The Gabor coef...
One famous pioneer in this area is Ekman (1973 in Shiraev & Levy, 2007, 2004) who classified six basic facial expressions as being universal and reflecting most emotional states. They are happy, sad, anger, disgust, surprised and fearful. Ekman (1973) proposed that the universality of emotions allows individuals to empathise with others and enables us to read other’s feelings therefore emotions must serve an adaptive purpose hence supporting the claim that they are universal (Darwin, 1972 in John, Ype, Poortinga, Marshall & Pierre 2002). Moreover, emotions are widely accepted to accompany...
Smiling is associated with happiness, while frowning is associated with being sad. Other emotions have a specific facial movement that corresponds with it. Charles Darwin and William James both felt that facial movements greatly influenced emotions and helped people of various cultures understand one another. The psychologist, Paul Ekman, developed these findings into the Facial Feedback Theory in 1984. According to the theory, the brain interprets facial muscles moving as different types of emotions. An example would be that smiling indicates that one is happy. Ekman didn’t believe the theory one hundred percent until he traveled to observe an isolated group in Papua, New Guinea and discovered that their facial features expressed the emotions that they felt. After his trip, he further developed his theory to what it is now to help understand emotions. Along with the Facial Feedback theory there have been studies to prove if it is correct or not, and whether it should be accepted in the psychological community or not. One of the studies that was done in 2006 used the “pencil in mouth” test, which places a pencil horizontally between someone’s teeth to force their mouth into a smile. After the participants were ready, they’d be shown a picture of a smiling black person, and...
[5] W.Zhang, S.Shan, ”Local Gabor binary pattern histogram sequence (LGBPHS): a novel non-statistical model for face representation and recognition,” ICCV, vol. 1, pp.786-791, 2005.
The face is the reserve of emotion. A smile implies happiness, a frown signifies anger or sadness, and a quick rolling of the eyes indicates someone is annoyed. What one is thinking or feeling can be clearly displayed in one’s facial expressions. Paul Ekman decided to study people’s facial expressions, down to the micro expressions that flash across the face and those are what give one away. He developed the facial action coding system (FACS) after many years of researching how people’s facial expressions reveal their inner emotions (Blink 204). He has even worked with Gottman and his “Love Lab” and the FACS has helped him to predict the longevity of certain relationships. While some people believe that their true feelings are not reflected by their facial expressions, they are unaware that a simple change in emotions is displayed on their face, revealing their true feelings. Emotions simply cannot be hidden, because they are clearly displayed on the face.
Facial expressions have been studied for years and continue to be studied now by researchers. From all the studying that has taken place on facial expressions, there have been two major viewpoints that have spawned. The first viewpoint is emotional expression, this viewpoint says that facial expressions are sporadic and come from raw emotions. The expressions only portray emotion and nothing more. The other is the behavioral ecology viewpoint; this states that the expression is not for just emotion, but the opposite. This viewpoint says that expressions are used or enhanced by the actions and expressions of those around you. This viewpoint states that it is more of a social behavior. I conducted a study that contained 10 observations of other people participating in regular actions. I waited and watched their facial expressions and what may have caused them. From this, I determined which viewpoint their facial expressions aligned with. I plan to compare the results and give some generalizations of my findings. I will also share any interesting things I may have found while observing the people. Then, I will conclude by stating my own personal opinion on the two viewpoints judging by what my results were and what I actually believe.
Have you ever looked and someone and you thought to yourself, “That person must be having a bad day.” or “Hey, you look really happy!” This happens on an everyday basis. So, what caused you to think this way? What is happening is you are reading their facial expression. These facial expressions are the muscles in our faces that are working together. Human faces are a main component to conveying a person’s emotional state. Facial expressions are a form of nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication is the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless cues between people. There are always key points of the facial expression that would give away which emotion the human is feeling. For example, if someone is caught off guard, they may scream and their eyes may ...
A person’s face is tremendously expressive when it comes to emotions, a person’s face is able to display a numerous amount of emotions worth almost a thousand words. And unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions are universal worldwide. Facial expressions for feelings anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise and many more are the same all around the world.
Every expression could be a valuable key of the emotion that people may feel during the communication. Based on Goodenough and Tinker research cited by Ekman and Rosenberg (2005) claims that, “… people could consistently recognize emotion in the face” (p. 11). It means people can always read the information through the facial expression during the face-to-face interaction. Eyebrows, eyes, nose, cheeks, lips, and tongue are the face elements that can communicate the state of minds such as anger, happiness, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust and neutral emotions etc. The speaker's thoughts can be ascertained by looking at his or her facial expression. Although people commonly show congruence facial expression and content while interpreting emotions; however, some people may convey incongruent expression with their statements, and it would lead different comprehension. For instance, praising other with gleaming eyes or with harried eyebrows could stand for two different implications: One is a compliment said from the bottom of one’s heart, and the other is a kind of taunt. Two fine expressions can still make a great difference. Facial expressions carry meanings and that can impact on the
An eye tracker is a device for measuring eye positions and eye movement. Recent reports from the social-cognitive neurosciences have emphasized the importance of eye movements in carrying crucial information about emotional states of others (Kliemann, Dziobek, Hatri, Steimke, & Heekeren, 2010). An amount of eye gaze has been reported to be predictive of one’s ability to interpret the intentions of others and the meaning of social situations. As face perception is a basic process in interpersonal communication (Haxby, Hoffman,, & Gobbini, 2002). In the current study, pattern of facial gaze processing of young subjects on viewing faces with neutral expression was performed to understand the patterns of spontaneous human face
While communicating with another human being, one only has to examine the other’s face in order to comprehend what is being said on a much deeper level. It is said that up to 55 percent of a message’s meaning can be derived from facial expression (Subramani, 2010). These facial manipulations allow thoughts to be expressed in ways that are often difficult to articulate verbally, with the face demonstrating “the thoughts of the mind, and the feelings of the heart” (Singla). Many expressions are said to universal, particularly those showing happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and...
Waller, B. M., Cray Jr, J. J. & Burrows, A. M. (2008). Selection for universal facial emotion. Emotion, 8 (3), p. 435.
Grammar is the main function of facial expressions in ASL. Facial expressions cover a variety of facial and body movements, including moving eyebrows, eyes, mouth, head position, and shoulders. When signing it is imperative to use facial expressions in order to be grammatically correct.
According to Camras et al. (1998), emotion expression is different in European American, Japanese, and Chinese infants. In the research, they selected infants that were 11-month-old from three different cultural groups, and each group was divided equally by gender. Each baby was going to wear lightweight clothing and participate in three procedures (arm restraint, vanishing toy, and growing gorilla) during the experiment. The infants’ facial expressions were going to code with the Baby Facial Action Coding System (BabyFACS), which is an anatomically based coding system that describes facial movement in babies. All procedures were recorded by two camcorders; one of them was showing only a close-up view of infant’s face; another one was showing a wide-angle view of infant’s whole body movement (Camras et al., 1998).
It was created on a five-year grant from NIMH, which was intended for the study of depressive patients. The system identified more than 40 action units and further combinations of such, with a maximum of 6 per combination. The Facial Action Coding System was published in 1978, a full 7 years after the Facial Affect Scoring Technique was published (Ekman, 2016).
Nonverbal communication can be defined as the transfer of messages without the use of words. It uses physical movement; such as hand gestures and body language, and also facial expressions; for example, eye contact, frowning, and smiling. Marta Dynel defines nonverbal (NVC) communication as: