Introduction
The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) School of Nursing in 1994, created system Management Theory (SMT). Conceptualization at that time was based upon models that had been developed by nurses such as Orem’s Self-care model (Humpreys, 2008). There are three dimensions that make up SMT that include symptom experience, symptom management strategies, and symptom status outcomes (Newcomb, 2010). These dimensions are interrelated and embedded in the underlying nursing domains (Newcomb, 2010). According to the author, with proper modifications, this theory might be adapted for the pediatric population. Evidence-based practice was used to bolster the original theory in 2001 and make it pertinent to pediatrics. SMT is constantly being revised to include the components that are tested and proven to work for the best possible patient outcomes.
Three Dimensions and Modifications
Originally, the traditional theory was composed of symptoms experience, symptom management strategies, and symptom status outcomes. Perceiving, evaluating, and responding are integral and initial components of system experience. Dimensions are linear with the preceding dimension directing the next. While this approach was effective for adult populations, it was too elementary when applied to pediatric populations. Improvements were needed because, “…the current SMT model … does not capture the idea that psychological, social, emotional, spiritual, or physical growth occurs in each significant event in a child's life.” (Newcomb, 2010) Noncompliance from children and their caregivers is another weakness. Management strategies cannot be evaluated for effectiveness and adjusted appropriately for optimal outcomes. Moreover, com...
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...iate communication between children, parents or caregivers, and health care providers to validate the symptom experiences to ensure the best patient outcomes Ideally patient and caregiver teaching is a crucial aspect of treatment. The author likens SMT to a spiral to illustrate how these three dimensions evolve among each other through additional concepts.
References
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Family centred care and comfort care theory both work for the well being of patient. Family centred care focus to work with family while providing care for the sick child. Family and pediatric staff works in collaboration to make care plan that works the best for sick child (Coyne, O'Neill, Murphy, & Costello, 2011). Similarly, comfort care theory focus on child’s physical, psychospiritual, sociocultural, and environmental aspects. “When comfort needs are addressed in one context, total comfort is enhanced in the remaining context” (Kolcaba & Dimarco, 2005, p. 190). When nurses apply comfort care theory, it is to achieve holistic care of sick children by focusing on all aspects (Kolcaba
Johnson’s Behavioral System Model is a model of nursing care that supports the development of efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent illness. The patient is recognized as a behavioral system composed of seven behavioral subsystems including affiliative, dependency, ingestive, eliminative, sexual, aggressive, and achievement. The purposeful requirements for these subsystems include protection from noxious influences, provision for a nurturing environment, and stimulation for growth. When any subsystem is imbalanced, it is the nurse’s role to help the patient return to a state of equilibrium.
It is essential that a child’s development is viewed in a holistic manner, so that practitioners can identify a child’s physical, personal, social, emotional and spiritual wellbeing- not just focusing on their intellectual
K. Lynn Wieck, RN, PhD, FAAN, is the Jacqueline M. Braithwaite Professor, College of Nursing, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, and CEO, Management Solutions for Healthcare, Houston, TX; Jean Dois, RN, PhD, NEA-BC, FACHE, is the System Director for Quality and Nursing, CHRISTUS Health System, Houston, TX; and Peggy Landrum, RN, PhD, is Clinical Professor, College of Nursing, Texas Woman 's University, Houston,
Nursing theory can best be defined as a set of logically interrelated concepts, statements, propositions, and definitions, which have been derived from philosophical beliefs of scientific data and from which questions or hypotheses will be deduced, tested, and verified (McEwen & Wills, 2014, p. 26). A theory purports to account for or characterize some phenomenon (McEwen & Wills, 2014, p. 26). The Roy Adaptation Model (RAM) is a grand theory that promotes holistic patient care. Holistic patient care treats the patient as a whole. Sections prepared for this paper include important key concepts such as nursing theory, summary of the Roy Adaptation Model, views of the Roy Adaptation Model and conclusion.
Children with chronic illnesses live a lifestyle that changes, and different problems that arise, as the child passes through developmental changes up to adulthood. Using knowledge of child development a nurse can recognize regressions in the child’s development and put preventive strategies in place. Nurses can plan and implement therapeutic regimens such as given medicine. Young people with chronic illness and their families are faced with coping with the demands of chronic conditions on a daily basis. Nurses can assist parents with different coping strategies that can be used by parents to minimize impact of diagnosis. For instance, they can provide explanations to parents about diagnosis, and support, and encourage family.
The Neuman Systems Model provides a systematic approach to nursing research and practice that allows for empirical research and data collection. This model has been used to develop several middle range theories; it also encourages evidence-based practice and outcomes (Ume-Nwagbo, DeWan, & Lowry, 2006). Neuman (2007, p. 112) states, “Theory-based care activities will scientifically validate a science of nursing, helping close the gap between practice and education.” Continued research is needed to support and refine the concepts that produce theory-based nursing interventions in nursing practice. The Neuman Systems Model Research Institute is committed to encouraging research that is focused on obtaining new nursing knowledge based on the Neuman Systems Model and derived middle-range theories (Neuman & Fawcett,
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These children often show signs of emotional distress and immature behavior at a very young age. These symptoms might affect thei...
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I would contend that the middle-range theories of nursing are most applicable to the clinical nurse’s role in today’s healthcare system. The driving force behind healthcare reform and best-care practices is evidenced-based research. Middle-range theories by design less abstract than the grand theories and are more easily tested and observed in the clinical setting. These types of theories are more easily implemented in practice as well. This particular type of nursing theory can be effortlessly applicable to many facets and specialities of
Critique of theory defines evidence-based nursing practice and denotes the congruence between the data from theory-generating research and current implementation (Fawcett & Desanto-Madeya, 2013, p. 313). Critiques must be non-judgemental and must attain the purpose of extending nursing research to address human complexity and nursing interventions. The writer’s purpose for this paper is to analyze Betty Neuman’s Systems Model Theory (NSM) using the criteria: theorist’s background, major assumptions, concepts and relationships, usefulness, testability, parsimony, and theoretical values in extending nursing science, as outlined by Wills (2002, pp. 118-122). The writer addresses the concepts of nursing, health, client, and environment,
Hanucharumkul, S. (1989). Comparative analysis of Orem's and King's theories. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 14, 365-172.