The Stroop experiment can be traced back as far as the nineteen century around the time of some particular works of Cattell and Wundt. The experiment was first written about in 1929 in German. The experiment was name after John Ridley Stroop after he had written the article “Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions,” which was published in 1935.there have been over 700 replications of this experiment
The experiment is a demonstration of reaction time of a task . The Stroop experiment employs two basic processes of cognition; attention (“the concentration of mental effort on sensory or mental events”) and automaticity (“a cognitive process that does not require conscious thought as a result of existing cognitive structures or highly practiced tasks.”). The Stroop Effect is all about being able to say the colour of the word and not the colour the word are saying. For example, the word “red” is portraying the colour green so instead of saying the colour is red you say green. It said that it is easier to make out the colour when it is the same as the word “red” (congruent) than saying the colour of the word when the word has a different color than it is portraying “blue” (incongruent). In this case it is that inference is taking place.
Upon choosing an experiment to do, one stumbled upon of the experiment of the Stroop Effect under the categories of attention and automaticity. It created an intrigue in one, which caused one to choose it as his or her experiment. Firstly, after clicking on the experiment, one had to choose the setting that best suited him or her. One chose to do two trials of the experiment. The first trial one chose to have the condition to be congruent words, the colour of the words to be red,...
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...colours are read at a slower rate when they do not match with words with a different colour. Also, they stated what causes the actual interference is when two responses are competing for responses that should be produced. All in all, this can affect the reading reaction time. In some cases the reaction time can be as perfect. That is when it only has congruent word, and sometimes it may not be so perfect because of interference. This can be caused by incongruent words.
Reference
Maclin, M.K, Maclin, O.H, Soslo, R.L (2008).Cognitive Psychology (8th ed). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
Schwartz, D (2003). The Stroop Effect. Retrieved November 12, 2009 from: http://www.psych.wright.edu/gilk-classes/Psy300_F03/stroop1.pdf
Wikipedia. (2009). The Stroop Effect. Retrieved November 12, 2009 from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroop_effect#Original_experiment
In 1963, Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment that was one of the most controversial of his time, and of ours. “The subjects—or ‘teachers’—were instructed to administer [electroshocks] to a human ‘learner,’ with the shocks becoming progressively more powerful and painful” (Collins, para. 1, Book Overview). The subjects watched as the “learner” was strapped into a chair. When the experimenter asked if either of the two had a question, the “learner” mentioned he had a heart problem. The “teacher” heard this, as well, and still continued to go through with the experiment. told that they were to read a series of paired words, and “learners”
The nature of the Stroop effect results as a consequence of automaticity. People have difficulty ignoring the meaning of a word because, through practice, reading has become an automatic process. The two main explanations accounting for the Stroop effect in the past have been cognitive attentional processes involved in learning, controlled and automatic. As previously mentioned, when a process is automatic (for example reading), it is not only faster; it also does not rely on other cognitive resources. Controlled processes, for example color naming, are slow and demand more attentional resources. The theory is that an automatic process cannot successfully suppressed without causing interference of a controlled process. The second explanation, relative speed of processing, argues that the two processes involved in color naming and word reading are accomplished in parallel, but that word reading is carried out faster, assuming that the faster process will then interfere with the slower ones such as color naming (Dunbar and McLeod, 1984 as cited in Mel, 1997)
The participants were the twenty-seven students of Professor David Otis' Experimental Psychology class. The group of twenty-seven was split into smaller groups. We were not paid with pecuniary funds, but we did receive partial credit towards our final grade in the class.
When it comes to the observation part of forming the experiment as well as after the experiment was done, a lot of groups observed the same things. The most significant observations were we observed the
The experiments were quite simple, in that there was a seemingly harmless task to be performed, and the participants were instructed to choose the estimation of the lengths of a line when compared to two ...
...ce for increased activity in visual areas or the fusiform gyrus, which is connected with color perception. These results have shown that spoken words result in co-activation of color processing areas, but not visual areas connected with the perceptual process of color. Sadly, the conclusions don’t reveal which perceptual or cognitive processes might cause the difference with people with synaesthesia and the controls.
He did not go over this in depth within the text, but we did watch and discuss the experiment in class. In this experiment the subject is to watch a video where there are six people playing basketball. Three players are wearing white shirts and the other three are wearing black shirts. The subject must count the number of passes made between the players in black shirts. While the subject is paying close attention to the number of passes being made, a person in a gorilla suit enters the video, which is usually unnoticeable to the watcher. At the end of the video the subject is asked whether they saw the gorilla, in which the typical response is no, because he/she was too busy keeping up with the basketball passes being made. This experiment explains inattentional blindness, which a person does not recognize a certain object, due to their attention being placed upon another task. A person is only able to point out the gorilla, once he/she has been told that a gorilla is expected to enter the scene at some point during the video. Attention is required in order to be consciously
This demonstrated in an experiment by John Ridley Stroop (1935) where he investigated the how well student participants were able to state the color of the word rather than reading the word itself. The researcher predicted that naming the color of the word takes longer and is more prone to errors than when the color of the ink matches the name of the color. In the experiment participants were given a ten word sample before the first reading of each test. At the beginning of each test t...
...experiment, felt that the experiment made such a deep impression on him that he became convinced that “social sciences and psychology, are much more important in today’s world.'; One can only imagine the inner conflicts that were running through his head. After the experiment, he described the mood, “I did want to stop at that time. I turned around and looked at [the experimenter]. I guess it’s a matter of…authority.';
Stanley Milgram is a phychologist and he created this experiement to prove if people were obedient to authority. This experiment became one of the most famous. According to the article ''The Milgram Experiment'' by Saul McLeod he wanted to see if Germans were obedient to authority.The way that they proved how can people can be obedient to authority is not normal for us now this days. The procedure says that the participant was paired with another person and they drew lots to find out who would be the learner and who would go in obeying. Basically Milgram was trying to prove how far people would go in obeying. People should about the Milgram Experiment because it shows how people can be obedient to authority , and how people can follow their conscience.
Although there was some criticisms about the above experiment, Craik and Tulving performed more experiments each time refining the D.O.P. model. There were thoughts that the structural tasks were easier and not as much time had to be spent on them therefore people did not have as long to look at those words and could not study them like the other tasks. Craik and Tulving then made the structural task take equally as long as the other tasks. The results remand the same as the previous experiments. Craik and Tulving also originally started with five tasks, but then narrowed it down to three to avoid a ceiling effect. The self-referent task was later added to model by Rogers.
Contradiction to this theory presents that not all persons will react equally to an experience as even bandura’s own bobo doll experiment ignores the variable on conduct from person to person. Similar to this observation on adaptation of action on a person, bandura and his experiment wanted to present evidence on the influence
They first proposed this model in 1947 after they had studied the Atkinson-Shiffrin model (McLeod, S. A. 2012). One piece of evidence found for this model's existence is the span-test. The span-test is a test where individuals are to repeat a set of letters. After every representation back to the presenter, another letter is added making the sting of letters longer. Typically once people reach 7 or 8 letters in length they begin to mix up letters and make mistakes (Cognition, p. 16). Sometimes people will replace letters with other letters that sound similar, such as the letters “e” and “b”. When people first take this test they subconsciously store the letters in the articulatory rehearsal loop and in the central executive. If the participant were to repeat this span test but this time maintaining a hum noise or repeating one word over and over again. They would have a more difficult time remembering and restating the group of letters back. When your brain is multitasking in this way the articulatory rehearsal loop is not available to store information, since it’s internal path is broken up by the word being spoken or noise being made from the
...and Roberson (2008) emphasized how their experiment continued to support the Brown and Lenneberg question of their 1954 article regarding the relationship between color labeling and cognition.
The first experiment is the “Monster Study” it is about stuttering. This took place in 1939...