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The fall of quebec to the english
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1. Introduction
This paper is investigating Quebec French. The population that speaks this variety of French situates on the eastern side of the country of Canada in the province of Quebec (Posner 1997, Walker 1984). The people who immigrated to Quebec originated from west and north-west regions of France, the dialects spoken there are commonly called langue d’oïl (Ager 1990, Sanders 1993, Battye and Hintz 1994). However, in the region of langue d’oïl there was a lot of variation in the speech spoken (Battye and Hintz 1994). The regions in the west and north-west are Gallo, Angevin and Normand, most immigrants originated from there (Battye and Hintz 1994). The language that these immigrants spoke was a lower-class speech or non-standard dialect (Oakes and Warren 2007). The men were mainly from Normandy and the women, who came over at a latter point in time, were mainly from partisan brothels and orphanages (Posner 1997). Therefore, both men and women had different dialects and different uses of speech. Around the 17th century, during the time of colonization, there were approximately 16, 000 speakers of French in Quebec (Posner 1997).
The state of the French language at this time in Europe before and during when these immigrants came over to North America is the next focus. In the 17th century, the royal court started to implement standardization and slowly the language evolution in France slowed (Battye and Hintz 1994, Posner 1997, Fagyal et al. 2006). Although this process was slow, showing more evidence in areas closer to royal court. In the 18th century, popular French in France had the omission of the negative /ne/, and /we/ was the common diphthong then the /wa/ in the royal court, there was an absence of the interrogativ...
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...r H. Schutz. 1967. A History of the French Language. New York: Biblo and Tanner Booksellers and Publishers Inc.
Kim, Hyunsoon. 2001. A Phonetically Based Account of Phonological Stop Assibilation. Phonology, 18, 81-108.
Oakes, Leigh., and Jane Warren. 2007. Language, Citizenship and Identity in Quebec. New York: Palgrave Macmillian.
Orkin, Mark M. 1971. Speaking Canadian French: An Informal Account of French Language in Canada. Toronto: General Publishing Co.
Posner, Rebecca. 1997. Linguistic Change in French. United States: Oxford University Press Inc.
Sanders, Carol. 1993. French today: Language in its Social Context. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Valdman, Albert. 1976. Introduction to French Phonology and Morphology. Rowley: Newbury House Publishers Inc.
Walker, Douglas. C. 1984. The Pronunciation of Canadian French. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.
McQuillan, Aidan. “Des chemins divergents: les Irlandais et les Canadiens francais au XIXe siècle.” ed. Wadell, Eric. “Le dialogue avec les cultures minoritaires.” Ste-Foy, QC: Les Presses De L'Université Laval 1990.
Although Quebec is in Canada, a majority of Quebecers do not identify with the national identity of Canada. Both societies create a sense of identity as well as nationalism (Hiller, 295). Hiller mentions two approaches to assessing Canadian identity; the unitary approach and the segmentalist approach (Hiller, 277). The unitary approach suggests that society consists of people who regardless of their ethnic back ground, identify as belonging to the national society, while the segmentalist approach concentrates on groups and communities that share racial, linguistic, occupational, or cultural similarities (Hiller, 28). While most Anglophones are more unitary or pan-Canadian, Quebec heavily identifies with the segmentalist approach. This dissimilarity of identity perspective may be problematic for the country, at the same time however, it can also be viewed as a struggle where contradictory parties find a way to compromise and reshape Canadian society together (Hiller, 277). Canada’s former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau made it his objective to unite Quebec with the rest of Canada. In 1969 Trudeau’s government implemented Bill C-120, otherwise known as the Official Language act, which made French an...
Tensions were already high between English- and French-Canadians, especially after Ontario had stopped teaching French in Catholic Schools, and the conscription crisis only served to increase them.
Canada: The Quiet Revolution in Quebec The English-French relations have not always been easy. Each is always arguing and accusing the other of wrong doings. All this hatred and differences started in the past, and this Quiet revolution, right after a new Liberal government led by Jean Lesage came in 1960. Thus was the beginning of the Quiet Revolution.
government, t. p. (n.d.). Quebec Nationalism - Quebec History. Faculty.marianopolis.edu. Retrieved May 27, 2012, from http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/events/natpart4.htm
...to identity with at least one of the countries predominate languages, English or French, dictated the degree in which they could participate in Canadian life. According to the Commission, this participation was real under two conditions: “that both societies, the French-speaking as well as the English-speaking, accept[ed] newcomers much more rapidly than they have done in the past; and that the two societies willingly allow other groups to preserve and enrich, if they so desire, the cultural values they prize[d]” (RCBB Book 1 xxv). It creates an interesting take on the acceptance of those “othered” groups, as change was necessary not only on the part of the minorities but also from Canada’s French and English-speakers. The Commissions work remains focused on language and culture, more so than ethnicity amongst a bilingual, bicultural and “othered” Canadian society.
One outstanding challenge that the Canadian policy presents is the subjective concern towards language as both a marginal and intrinsic loss to the minority populace. The challenge is not the coexistence and complexity of multiple lang...
The books intent is to challenge written histories and to reinterpret early Mi’kmaq-French relations, particularly religious history among the Mi’kmaq. Using both Mi’kmaq and Euro history/knowledge to do so. Through the revitalization of Mi’kmaq histories, culture, and spirituality the text both bridges non-Aboriginal peoples to new understandings of Canadian history, as well as bridging Mi’kmaq youth to their elders and culture (11).
Language shift, or language attrition, was a feature to a Darwinian evolution in which less complex and adaptable languages, like Creole, died and the more advanced and fittest languages, like English, survived (Carlisle, 2010). Modern linguistics challenges that it is not accurate to focus on the attrition of a language based on its structure, without looking at the social factors involved. There is very little to no development of Louisiana Creole and the reason for this is because of the restricted access to the language, through education and/or everyday interactions (Carlisle, 2010). As of today, there is no evidence of children growing up that speak Louisiana Creole French as their first language. It’s unlikely to find a fluent speaker below the age of 60. The 60-year-old-and-over generation learned the language when they were young, but after having to renounce the language in school, they only taught their children English. They came to appreciate the cultural impact of their abandonment of Louisiana Creole French in the 1960s. They then began to speak the language to their grandchildren (Audisio and Burke, 1988). For those few speakers below the age of 60, “they would be called ‘near-passive bilinguals.’ They may know many words and expressions but cannot construct or manipulate full sentences” (Brown, 1993). Current speakers speak English as well as or even better than
In her expository essay “Newfoundlandese, If You Please,” Diane Mooney expounds the diverse language of the Newfoundlanders.She believes that the descendants mother tongue accounts for their different dialects. She also argues that the different religious backgrounds of each region accounts for their different dialects. Mooney begins her essay with a personal account of her experience when she was in Newfoundland. She presents how various dialects evolved from the general language and illustrates this by discussing the geographical areas that map out the different dialects.Mooney further reiterates that depending on the areas the early settlers comprising mostly, the Irish,English,British
Johnson, Douglas. “A Concise History of France”. New York, NY: The Viking Press, Inc., 1971. Print.
—. Language: Readings in Language and Culture. 6th ed. New York: St. Martin's, 1998. Print.
"Lost Language, Lost Culture." Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, Canadian Foreign Service Institute, Centre for Intercultural Learning. 24 Nov 2013.
The Norman invasion of 1066 AD began a period of two centuries in which French was the official language of England, resulting in the introduction of many words with French or Latin roots, such as 'baron', 'justice' and 'government' (Beal, J. 2012, p. 64). English was first used in Parliament in 1362 AD and gradually displaced French (Appendix I, in Seargea...
Speech says Saussure, “has both an individual and social side … always implies both establish system and evolution” (Course in General Linguistics p. 8). All changes in language occur in parole, in the actual speech act. But only some of these changes become institutionalised in langue. Saussure states that langue, should not be confused with human speech, it is a system or structure of speech codes. He argued that linguistic elements are relational, that it is viewpoint that creates the object of linguistic study. Because so much depends on viewpoint, the nature of the linguistic sign is necessarily arbitrary.