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brief history of south africa apartheid
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Introduction:
South Africa is undergoing a transformation process after many years of one of the most brutal socio-political systems, the Apartheid; affecting every sector of the society including medical education and the delivery of healthcare services, (de Villiers, 1999). Apartheid was characterized by dividing the country according to the color of the skin, giving favoritism to the white man. Health care in South Africa was a dream until 1994 to the majority of the population which is black. With a more humanitarian social system in place, the country is trying to overcome the difficulties of present time, which is even harder after half a century of destruction, diseases and fraudulent administration. On the other hand, Aids and violence are the leading indicators regarding mortality rates of the South African population. There were over twenty one thousand murders in 2002 and almost eight million people are living with HIV/AIDS as of 2006, (Dixon, 2006).
Location and Geography.
South Africa is located at the southern most point of the African continent. It is surrounded by the waters of the South Atlantic Ocean at the west, and the Indian Ocean at the east coast. It is the 25th largest country in the planet and it also has the 24th largest population as well. It has different climatic zones that ranges from extremely deserts to tropic-similar weathers.
Population.
With about the size of the United Kingdom, France and Germany combined, South Africa holds an estimated population of thirty nine million people, where thirty two million are Africans, four millions are Whites, and another three million of mixed race. The literacy level is eighty two percent; however, only fifty four percent of the population is urba...
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...imary health care approach. BMC Family Practice, 13(1), 67-70.
Gavaza, P., Rascati, K., Oladapo, A., & Khoza, S. (2012). The state of health economic research in South Africa: a systematic review. Pharmacoeconomics, 30(10), 925-940.
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Klopper, H. C., Coetzee, S. K., Pretorius, R., & Bester, P. (2012). Practice environment, job satisfaction and burnout of critical care nurses in South Africa. Journal Of Nursing Management, 20(5), 685-695.
Norman, R., Bradshaw, D. (2007). The high burden of injuries in South Africa. (2007). Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85(9), 695-702.
Onya, H. (2007). Health promotion in South Africa. Promotion & Education, 14(4), 233-237.
Vahey, Doris C., Linda H. Aiken, Douglas M. Sloane, Sean P. Clarke, and Delfino Vargas. "Nurse Burnout and Patient Satisfaction." Medical Care 42.Suppl (2004): II-57-II-66. Print.
One of the most serious issues in nursing, that can affect a nurses career is nursing burn- out. According to the article “Where have all the nurses gone”, current nurses that are practicing, report high rates of job dissatisfaction (which is part of burn out) and 1 of 5 nurses may quit nursing in the next 5 years (Dworkin, 2002). Burnout is associated with nurses not coming in to work, not feeling satisfied when doing their job, high turnover rates and a lack of commitment to the work (Katisfaraki, 2013). If a nurse becomes burned- out, they may not take care of their patients as well and could make mistakes with medication administration. A study performed in the United States by Dr. Jeannie Cimiottti, shows that hospitals with high burn-out rates among nurses have higher levels UTI’s, and surgical infections (World, 2012). Nursing burnout not only affects the nurse, but it also affects the patient, the nurses’ colleagues, and the nurses’ family; nursing burn out often leads to emotional exhaustion and depression, that can effect relations and communication between the nurse effected and the person they are communicating with. This paper will cover what burn-out is, who is susceptible to burn out, and treatment and prevent nursing burn out.
The fundamental actions of hospitals and other healthcare organizations depend on the role of nurses. In the modern day healthcare settings, nurses are the ones who determine the quality of services provided to patients. However, they face some major challenges that are threatening to reduce their effectiveness and efficiency towards meeting organizational goals. One of these significant problems is burnout, which comes as a result of unending work pressures that are ineffectively handled. Burnout is defined as emotional, mental, and physical exhaustion, which occurs when nurses experience intense stress, but over an extended period of time it will lead to increased turnover rates. Burnout is considered as a psychological
Rettig, R. A. Medical innovation duels cost containment. Health Affairs 13 (3): 7-27. 1994. Web 7 Feb 2012.
A research study conducted by Moola, Ehlers & Hattingh (2008), surveyed 10 critical care nurses (CCNs) in the Tshwane metropolitan area in South Africa. They were divided into 2 groups of five for the focused interview. The purpose of the research was to identify...
Nursing is a very demanding job and can have an overall impact on the nurse both mentally and physically. Specifically within the critical care environment, nurses are more likely at risk for developing job burnout, due to the intense nature of their work. Job burnout is a type of job stress in which the state of physical, emotional or mental exhaustion is combined with doubts about the competence and value of your work, (Mayo Clinic, 2015). The specific burnout that the nurse may be experiencing is not only affecting them, but also their patient they are looking after. It is critical for us, as nurses, to be able to recognize the warning signs of burnout and find ways in which to take steps in order to address them, in order to improve the
Qualities for positive work environment include destressing activities where individuals feel supported and appreciated. Burnout have increased due to insurance changes, technology and education needed to understand disease knowledge. Being mindful of burnout enables organizations to implement interventions to decrease stress for its nurses. This will enable them to provide better patient satisfaction, reduced turnover and increased retention. Nurses can prevent burnout by practicing self-care as Prevention seems to be far more valuable than treatment when it comes to
The nursing profession is one of the most physically, emotionally, and mentally taxing career fields. Working long shifts, placing other’s needs before your own, dealing with sickness and death on a regular basis, and working in a high stress environment are all precursors to developing occupational burnout in the nursing profession. Burnout refers to physical, emotional and mental exhaustion, which can lead to an emotionally detached nurse, who feels hopeless, apathetic, and unmotivated. Burnout extends beyond the affected nurse and begins to affect the care patients receive. Researchers have found that hospitals with high burnout rates have lower patient satisfaction scores (Aiken et al 2013). There are various measures that nurses can take
According to a study, 10-78% of nurses are experiencing burnout, and as the nursing shortage worsens, the amount of workplace stressors is set to increase (Welp, Meier, & Manser, 2015). A Swiss study involving 1,425 nurses concluded that nurses experiencing burnout had higher mortality ratios and lower safety grades (Welp, Meier, & Manser, 2015). It is commonly reported that there is a positive relationship between the incidence of emotional exhaustion and patient mortality ratios. Having a shortage of nurses on staff is often referenced as a leading factor for burnout among nurses, and it has been related to an increase in the patient’s stay time (Welp, Meier, & Manser, 2015). In addition, nurses are placed in increasingly stressful situations
Statistics have been show a frightening increase in AIDS/HIV cases. As of the year 2012, South Africa has had the most cases of HIV/AIDS coming to a total of 6,070,800 ("Country Comparison :: HIV/AIDS”). This is a huge contributing factor to this conspira...
Poghosyan, Clarke, Finlayson, and Aiken (2010) in a cross-national comparative research explored the relationship between nurses’ burnout and the quality of care in 53,846 nurses from six countries. Their researched confirmed that nurses around the world experience burnout due to increase workload. Burnout was manifested as fatigue, irritability, insomnia, headaches, back pain, weight gain, high blood pressure, and depression. Burnout influenced nurses’ job performance, lowered patient satisfaction, and it was significantly associated with poor quality of care. Patient safety decreased as nurses’ job demands
Bureau of African Affairs. (2011). Background Note: South Africa. Retrieved March 28, 2011, from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2898.html
Due to the apartheid, today black South Africans are angered towards white people. Crime and violence is now extremely popular in ...
...ile the pandemic will absolutely leverage the rate of financial development, structural alterations are furthermore expected to be one of the prime economic hallmarks of the AIDS pandemic (Arndt 427-449). The effect of the HIV/AIDS epidemic can be visualized by the overwhelming change in mortality rate of South Africans. The yearly number of mortalities from HIV increased distinctly between the years 1997, when about 316,559 people died, and 2006 when an estimated 607,184 people died ("HIV AIDS IN SOUTH AFRICA"). Those who are currently assuming the burden of the increase in mortality rate are adolescents and young adults. Virtually one-in-three females of ages 25-29, and over 25% of males aged 30-34, are currently living with HIV in South Africa (UNAIDS). The good news, thanks to better supply of ARV treatment, is that life-expectancy has risen vastly since 2005.
The South African educational system has been through many changes dealing with cultural, political, and social issues. There has always been a concern about equal academic opportunities for all the races within South Africa. Where most of the black South African students are given the disadvantage and the White students have the advantages. It wasn’t until 1994 when things took a slight turn for black students in South Africa. That year marked the end of the apartheid. Theoretically non-white students were now offered the same education as Whites. Although in South Africa there are still some areas that the government should offer more beneficial teaching and learning for all of the non-white students. These challenges the South African education systems have been through and are now in the process will further influence an equal opportunity for black South African students. The question this research paper asks is, about how does education vary for black and white students in South Africa, after apartheid ended? There are still economic, political, and racial difficulties for non-white individuals.