Cooperation is a behavior designed to benefit the group rather than the individual. This ultimately benefits the individual, which is the purpose of cooperation. It is the process of groups of organisms working or acting together for common or mutual benefit, or an independent relationship of individuals united intentionally to meet their common economic, social, needs and goals through together claimed and democratically controlled business. In the simplest form, cooperation involve not only individual but two or more than two people who work together to achieved a same target. Nowadays, cooperation issue are very common between female and male. Common stereotypes would believe that male are more competitive and female more cooperative. …show more content…
One of the research was published by Nikolas, Roberto and Miltadis (2015), what their experiment aim was to examine gender effects reported in a social dilemma through Facebook profile owners by sending personal invitations via Facebook interest groups. They observed gender effects on the cooperation style of participants that using Facebook frequently to communicate with friends, family, colleagues and also business acquaintances. The intention of Facebook use and the intensity of use affect the gender differences in cooperation styles in the social dilemma of the profile owners. In particular, they test whether the male or female population will demonstrate a significant difference in both the conditional and unconditional choice cooperation styles, taking into account (a) the individual’s high or low intensity of Facebook use, along with (b) the individual’s intention to communicate with only friends, family or with colleagues as well. Having discussed the significance of the intensity of use, they will proceed a description of the contribution rates in the social dilemma. To classify the participants for their analysis, they created four categorical variables based on the following …show more content…
The purpose of this study are to provide a review of literature about the gender gap in Higher Education and gender differences in cooperation and competitiveness. Currently females participate equally or more than males at all education levels, including Higher Education. However, literature refers that females still face biases and barriers in specific fields of science and mathematics (Wood, 2009). They use Mini Research Project (MRP) and Device Experiments (DE) this two strategies to make a questionnaire. Participation in MRP was voluntary and could choose whom they wanted to work with and organize themselves in groups of 2 students. The 12 students (7 male and 5 female) that managed to finish the MRP were organized in 3 mixed gender groups, 1 only female group and 2 only male groups. DE were small science demonstrations made by a lab technician to small groups of 4 students. Participation in DE was voluntary, but students were previously selected and invited to participate according to their grades. Gender balance was taken into consideration to the arrangement of groups, resulting one only-male group, one only-female group and one mixed-gender group (2 male and 2 female). The result of this study is that female students are more cooperative than their male counterparts and that male students are more competitive than
What I learned about the social construction of difference conceptually means the differences in society that people perceive individuals are morally consist of gender and race, sexual orientation, ethnicity, and social class. Theoretically, according to Allan Johnson, social construction of difference, is created between two groups, one groups that has privileges and the ability to pass through society as “normal’. Some humans that are considered to be the oppressed are “non-normal and do not get the same privileges of the domain group. Johnson also uses the example of American woman who has not had any contact with white society. As of what the women knows, she is merely aware that she is an African American woman, not considered to be a black woman, in her state of
Valian, Virginia. "Beyond Gender Schemas: Improving the Advancement of Women in Academia." NWSA Journal 16.1, (Re) Gendering Science Fields (2004): 207-20. Print.
We found literature that supported our survey results. The article, “Inequality quantified: Mind the gender gap,” shows that an established gender gap amongst college majors may have started years ago. In the 1970s, Lynne Kiorpes was one of the few females at Northeastern University who was an Engineering major. Her professor discriminated against her and the other few women in the class by saying that they have no business being in his class, and that he was going to fail them just because they are females. Kiorpes then left the engineering program...
It is commonly argued that female and males are very different with respect to their personal characteristics, such as motivational issues and experience. (Liebermale, 2002) Even when female and males have the same characteristics, there is still some difference with respect to their behaviour and the outcome of their activities.
Throughout the years, males have dominated the academic disciplines of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) with very few females finding their way in the mix (Steinberg, Okun, & Aiken, 2012). Those females enrolling in the STEM majors soon find themselves questioning why they have, and many quickly change their majors to more female-accepting professions (Steele, James, & Barnett, 2002). The view that women lack the intellect to succeeded in STEM disciplines has been a prevailing one for much of history (Cadinu, Maass, Rosabianca, & Kiesner, 2005). Many researchers have questioned whether it is social stigma impeding female success or indeed basic biological differences that make males are more successful in these fields than women (Smith, Sansone, & White, 2007).
6) Cooperation is a feature of all forms of economic organization on a large scale. The more productivity depends on brains' rather than brawn', the more important cooperation based on high trust becomes.
The gender gap that results in the absence of women in STEM is progressive and persistent. Not only is this an issue of equity, but a lack of female participation in STEM results in a lack of diversity among perspectives regarding solutions to problems and other scientific endeavors. The gender gap in STEM can be seen as the result of several factors including teacher bias in the classroom, a chilly climate from male colleagues as they progress through their careers, little societal support for wanting a career and a family, lacking role models in their study of interest, and an overall lack of science preparation when it comes to pursuing a STEM career.
Now many people accept the fact that women are just as good as men at math and science but that wasn’t always the case. Eileen Pollack in her article “Why are there still so few women in science” describes how when she was in school she wanted to learn calculus and other science subjects but her principle told her that “girls never go on in science and math”. This will discourage many young women that wish to pursue a
From what has been discussed in class and from what society has taught me, there are more men in science. According to my results, I heavily associate men with science and women with liberal arts. I find this conclusion to be true because I’ve had my own experiences with these results. As a young student, my math and science classes were much more competitive and, as a female, I had to be better than not only the
Cooperation or collaboration is the tendency to work together for mutual benefit and is generally contrasted to competition which is working against each other for a larger share of benefits. Cooperation is not always desirable nor is compition always to be deplored. When people are cooperative regardless of how they feel or the other person behaves, they may be exploited and taken advantage of.
It is a common phenomenon in coed schools that when an instructor asks a girl to answer a question in a science or math class, some boys always interrupt and answer that question correctly. Many girls at that moment may feel embarrassed, frightened, and even want to be invisible. In many cases, instructors do not punish the boys for their rude behaviors. As The learning environment and teachers’ attitude make girls feel pressure and decrease their Learning enthusiasm. As a result, girls and boys receive a different education even though they have the same class. In the U.S., the discrepancy in academic performance persists across gender. In order to close the gap and provide an equitable and quality education
Students are more focused and therefore have better test scores in single-sex classrooms. Although stereotypes are formed because of separating genders, a study in the 2009 British Educational Research Journal concluded that in single-sex classrooms, girls achieve more in math and science while boys achieve more in English (Kwong). Stereotypes have been developed early on of what girls and boys are more proficient at. Naturally girls are better at English; boys, math and science (compound sentence: elliptical construction). Single-sex classes encourage girls to pursue more in science and math and boys in English because it takes away gender stereotypes. If a boy and a girl are in the same science class working together, the girl becomes the scribe to write down data while the boy is doing the experiment (Kwong). Math and scien...
According to Eagley, Wood, and Fishbaugh (1981), women are more concerned than men about the quality of interpersonal relationships. Women take greater responsibility for establishing and maintaining interpersonal bonds, whereas men do not. Also, women are more empathetic and more accurate at decoding nonverbal communication than males. Male gender roles also claim that men should remain independent and not agree closely with others, while it is seen as acceptable for women to conform to group behaviors.
STEM is best known as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. STEM for many years has been primarily seen as and stereotyped into a masculine work field. But as of recent years, while it expands, more and more women have been rising in these fields. However, there is still a tremendous gender gap between men and women in these fields and areas of work. The gender gap between men and women in STEM is alive and well. There is no denying that the gender gap between men and women in STEM is immense. But there instead are many sufficient reasons as to why there is such a huge gap between men and women within in fields. Some probable causes for the lack of women seen in these areas are biased towards women, unconscious bias girls receive
In its simplest form, cooperation may involve only two people who work together towards a common goal. Two college students working together to complete a laboratory experiment, or two inter-city youths working together to protect their 'turf' from violation by outsiders are examples. In these cases, solidarity between the members is encouraged and they share together the reward of their cooperation. Social satisfaction is achieved by a group of people working together or doing activities together. Even though cooperation isn’t that practical with our people in our own society it can be found within the youths involved in sports and other recreational activities. Cooperation within students in schools as mentioned as an example, is practiced on a regular basis during group discussions and group presentations. But speaking about cooperation and society together, cooperation is very essential for society to continue grow stronger and a good living residence for