This essay aims to critically evaluate, compare, contrast and criticize, and integrate theories, strategies and skills from the Humanist, Psychodynamic and Behaviourist perspective. This essay will discuss Maslow, Rogers’, Freudian and Skinner’s approaches to understand how counselling theories may be used by teachers and other staff for supporting children and young people in terms of their social and emotional well-being within the educational context, and the factors that influence their use. Based on the research evidence, this essay will discuss whether there is a need to support children in schools in these ways.
Social and emotional wellbeing is one of the important areas of learning and development and it plays an important role in early personal development. It involves helping and supporting children to develop a positive sense of themselves and others (DfES 2012, p69). In addition to this, children and young people need to feel securely attached and become socially competent. Early childhood practitioners have an important task of ensuring that children are equipped to live with and relate easily to other people. The children should be able to manage strong feelings such as frustration, anger and anxiety and be able to develop high self-esteem, self-efficacy and strong self-identity. A coordination of social and emotional development is critical to leading a purposeful and fulfilling life. Children’s intellectual development is inseparable from their social and emotional development (Dowling, 2011). Children's and young people’s social and emotional wellbeing is influenced by a range of factors, such as, parenting styles that cause bad behaviour, family dysfunction and sibling rivalry which lead to learning and motiva...
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...l Statistics (2004) News Release: One in ten children has a mental disorder. Available: www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/cmd0805.pdf
Rogers, C. (1959). A Theory of Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Relationships as Developed in the Client-centered Framework. In (ed.) S. Koch, Psychology: A Study of a Science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the Person and the Social Context. New York: McGraw Hill.
Rogers, C. (1951). Client-centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory. London: Constable.
Roberts, R. (2006). Self-Esteem and Early Learning (3rded.), London: Sage.
Rimm-Kaufman, S., Pianta, R. C. & Cox, M. (2000). Teachers’ judgments of problems in the transition to school. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 15, 147-166.
Tassoni, .P, Beith, K. Gough A. & Eldridge, H. (2002). Diploma Child Care and Education, London: Heinemann Educational Publishers.
As this book points out, and what I found interesting, the therapeutic relationship between therapist and client, can be even more important than how the therapy sessions are conducted. A therapists needs to be congruent. This is important because a client needs a sense of stability. To know what is expected from him or her while being in this transitional period of change. In some cases this congruency may be the only stability in his life, and without it, there is no way of him trusting in his t...
There are few fields within the child development science. One of them is represented by the psychoanalytical theory, which looks at the child emotional development within the context of social interaction and early attachments. This framework is called psychosocial as it looks on the emotional and social aspects. Running in parallel and influencing each other there are two more main areas, cognitive and physical. Although I am focusing on the aspects of the psychosocial development, it is important to remember that all these areas are being affected one by the other, where the development of the emotional skills plays central role in a regular development of cognitive and physical skills.
As the field of counseling continues to progress numerous theoretical orientations have been developed. One theoretical approach to counseling has been coined as person centered counseling or client centered therapy. This type of approach is commonly referred to as Rogerian psychotherapy. Rogerian therapy focuses on the empowerment of individuals with the inner self. These constructs are vital to ensuring and promoting a transparent and honest atmosphere which subsequently results in effective counseling. The behaviors that are found in client centered counseling are valuable as they motivate the client to explore their "hidden feelings" and become aware of where their feelings derive from. Being afforded the rare opportunity to see Rogers
Pathways to competence: Encouraging healthy social and emotional development in young children.
In the second part of the book Rogers speaks of his ideas of his theory of the person-centered approach to therapy. This is the part of the book that I felt really spoke to me. Person-centered theory is a lot of what I would like to do. I enjoy the ideas and concepts that Rogers presents in his theory. I think that it is extremely important to be able to take into consideration not only the diagnosis of the patient/client with whom you are working, but that it is more important to be able to take the time to sit back and to listen to them. I have realized in the year that I have been working in the psychiatric hospital how important it is for the patient/client to just sit back and listen to what it is they're saying to you. This however does not mean I am only hearing their words, but that I am listening at a much deeper level and actually he...
Sharf, R. S. (2008). Theories of Psychotherapy and Counseling: Counseling and Cases (5thed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole
It is essential that a child’s development is viewed in a holistic manner, so that practitioners can identify a child’s physical, personal, social, emotional and spiritual wellbeing- not just focusing on their intellectual
I want to explore Client/Person Centered Therapy. This is a type of therapy that was pioneered by Carl Rogers. This therapy is different because as the name suggests it solely focuses on the client. 'In focusing on the client, the client’s feelings are deeply explored. The assumption is however, that the client was never able to have their feelings heard by the people surrounding them. Person Centered Therapy would allow the client to then be able to express their feelings openly. According to Strupp (1971), “psychotherapeutic relationship is in principle indistinguishable from any good human relationship in which a person feels fully accepted, respected, and prized” (p. 39). Thus, there must be a therapeutic alliance between therapist and client. This therapeutic alliance should creative an environment for the client in which the client feels the therapist is judgment-free. I find that Roger's theory to be interesting and seemingly affective. It makes sense that a change in a clients negative relationship patterns would allow freedom for the client to express themselves emotionally.
Personal, social and emotional developments (PSED) are acknowledged as one of the starting point of accomplishment in life. PSED is about the whole child, how they are developing now, what they can do to reach their goals but also contribute to their community and how children perceive their identity and ability, understand their relation to the others in the society and apprehend their own and others’ feelings. PSED are a part of children’s development where they will be able to communicate effectively and be able to develop positive behavior among themselves and to others. According to the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS), PSED is consists of three aspects which are self-confidence and self-awareness, managing feelings and behavior and making relationships (DfE, 2012). In this essay, I will discuss the factors that influence children’s behavior , theories of personal social development and the strategies to develop the positive behavior in children to promote PSED, transition and inclusion.
Seligman, L., & Reichenberg, L. W. (2014). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Systems, Strategies, and Skills (4th Edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
It discusses how children are born with that needs to connect with individuals around them. Teachers and providers create positive relationship with children from birth through the early years. The foundation for that healthy social and emotional development because it affects her children see the world, express themselves, manages their emotions, in establishing a positive relationship with others. There were several areas of development that included social interactions that focus on the relationship that we share and include relationship with adults and peers. Emotional awareness recognized and understands your feelings and actions of other people, and self-regulation where you have that ability to express your thoughts, feelings, and behavior in a socially appropriate way. There were many tips that were listed when working with infants from talking and reading, having that warm, responsive, and consistent care, maintaining predictable routines, and getting to know each child while following their lead. The importance of supporting children and developing social skills is critical for learning, happiness, and long-term. This development begins during infancy and can be supported through simple social games, emotional role model, and imitating an infant's facial expression and sounds. The importance of social-emotional development and toddlers makes an impact in a child life when these skills are developed starting in infancy. Encouraging positive behaviors and using positive discipline practices that helped to develop the ability to make good choices as well as recognizing the confidence that is built when these behaviors are repeated. This is a process for young children to learn these behaviors always remembering that a patient response will help especially when the behaviors are
Early childhood reveals a distinctive opportunity for the foundation of a healthy development and a time of immense growth and of helplessness. In early childhood, children begin to learn what causes emotions and begin noticing others reactions to these feelings. They begin to learn to manage and control their feelings in self regulation. Emotional self regulation refers to the strategies used to adjust emotions to a contented level so goals can be accomplished. This requires voluntary, effortless management of emotions (Berk, 2007). Promoting young children’s social-emotional development is essential for three interconnected reasons: Positive social-emotional development provides a base for life-long learning; Social skills and emotional self-regulation are integrally related to later academic success in school, Prevention of future social and behavioral difficulties is more effective than later remediation (U.S Department of Health and Human Services). Research on early childhood has highlighted the strength of the first five years of a child’s life on thier social-emotional development. Neg...
Social and emotional learning is defined by Zins, Bloodworth, Weissberg and Walberg (2004, p. 4) as ‘the process through which we learn to recognize and manage emotions, care about others, make good decisions, behave ethically and responsibly, develop positive relationships, and avoid negative behaviours.’ Schools need to reflect and help in the social and emotional development of children to meet the expectations within their community. By integrating thinking, feeling and behaving it is possible to achieve these important life tasks.
Certain social and emotional milestones need to be met in order for a child to function in a positive way. Starting from within, a child will learn self-regulation. “Self-regulation is the ability to control your own thoughts, behaviors, and emotions and direct them to meet the demands of the situation.” (Cook & Cook, 2014). These self-regulation skills can allow a child to be motivated, goal oriented, and even adapt better to their social surroundings. During this age, children will be starting school and interacting frequently with classmates, being able to control their behaviors can correlate with how well they do in school. Teaching children the proper way to handle their emotions all starts with culture and parenting styles. For example, in some cultures it may be considered inappropriate to express too much emotion in public, children will pick up on these social cues and use them (Thompson and Goodvin 2005). Parenting styles that contain a warm but firm disposition, called authoritative parenting, have proven to be the most effective when teaching moral standards and rules in early childhood. This type of parenting will teach respect and understanding between children and adults and can be beneficial in school years. Social development takes large strides during these years because of the new interactions with friends and classmates. These new interactions
According to Shebib, 2014, “he believed in the importance of seeing each other as “becoming” and created a belief in the capacity of people to change”. He believed his clients are not bound by their past and that clients must be seen for their potential, their strengths, inner power and their capacity to change (Shebib, 2014). Rogers had his own methods, and they were based on the premise that if the right or core conditions are present, then change is possible. He also said that core conditions act to speed the natural process of heeling or recovery from psychological pain or problem (Shebib, 2014). When a councilor displays these core conditions, the potential for change and a positive relationship with clients increase. The three core conditions Rogers had been unconditional positive regard, empathy and genuineness (Shebib, 2014). This theory also proposed that the therapeutic relationship is the guidance in counselling (Stulmaker & Ray, 2015). Person centered theory offers a new way of looking at a person and their development, as well as how someone can be assisted in their change. This theory allows for the client to make their own changes in the right conditions, and to allow them to have their own thoughts on themselves, and not the opinion of others (Capuzzi, & Stauffer 2016). This allows for the client to have their own confidence letting them grow in