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essay on the routine activities theory
essay on the routine activities theory
essays on elderly abuse
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Overview:
As of 2010, 13% of the United States population was 65 years of age or older (National Center on Elder Abuse, 2014). Men and women today are living longer and want to remain in their own homes as long as they possibly can, rather than reside in a nursing home or an assisted living facility. In order for these men and women to remain at home, they need support and resources, as there are a number of different types of abuse against elderly men and women. These types of abuse including physical abuse, verbal/emotional abuse, financial exploitation, and even the rare occasion of sexual abuse that occurs at home. This paper will discuss the issue of elder sexual abuse within one’s own home and from one’s own family member. Routine Activity Theory will be used to discuss the conditions that exist in order for elder sexual abuse to occur, and what society as a whole can do to recognize and prevent abuse.
Forms of Elder Sexual Abuse:
Sexual abuse against elderly men and women is categorized into two forms: hands on (contact offenses) and hands-off (non-contact offenses) (Ramsey-Klawsnik, 1995). Hands-on offenders include those offenses where the offender makes physical contact with the elder. Hands-on offenses can include anything from touch, foundling and kissing to oral, anal, and harmful genital practices (Ramsey-Klawsnik, 1995). These offenses can have severe physical injury to an elder. Common injuries include damage to an elders genitals or rectal area as well as sexual transmitted diseases (Teitelman, Copollio, 2002). Hands-off offenses are often less obvious to recognize include sexual harassment, threats of sexual violence, sexual jokes, forced viewing of pornography or exposure to ones private parts (Ramsey-Klawsnik...
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...rm Home Health Care, 12 (12-20)
Ramsey-Klawsnik, H (2000). Elder abuse offenders: A typology. Generations. 24 (2).
Roberto, A., K & Teaster, B., P. (2005). Sexual abuse of vulnerable young and old women. A comparative analysis of circumstances and outcomes. Violence Against Women, 11. 473.
Teitelman, J., & Copollio, A. (2002). Sexual abuse among persons with Alzheimer’s disease: guidelines for recognition and intervention. Alzheimer’s Care Quarterly, 3 (3). 252-257.
Teitelman, J (2006). Sexual abuse of elder adults- appropriate responses for health and human services. Journal of Health and Human Services Administrations, 19. 209-227.
The 188th General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. (2014). General Laws: Department of Elder Affairs- Chapter 19A, Sections 14-26. Retrieved from https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleII/Chapter19A/
"Elder Abuse and Neglect: In Search of Solutions." Http://www.apa.org. American Psychological Association, 2012. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. .
Rodríguez, M. A., Wallace, S. P., Woolf, N. H., & Mangione, C. M. (2006). Mandatory reporting of elder abuse: Between a rock and a hard place. Annals of Family Medicine, 4(5), 403-409. doi:10.1370/afm.575
According to Daly, Schmeidel Klein, & Jogerst, (2012), when dealing with abuse issues, nurses need to be aware of reasons why an older person may not want to report abuse and take this into consideration when soliciting information. Then, nurses can provide adequate information and resources to the older adult that may help them deal with the abuse. In addition, since elder abuse is perpetrated by family members, caregivers, and other individuals, the most effective method to eliminate elder abuse is to promote elder abuse awareness in private homes and nurse care setting to education individuals about elder abuse, signs of elder abuse and hence improve their relationship with the older individuals. Patients should also be educated on elder abuse, their civil rights and how to seek help when they experience abuse. Nurses play a huge role in detecting elder-abuse especially during patient assessment. Furthermore, in support of nursing education, Muehlbauer & Crane argues
The effects of childhood sexual abuse carry on with the children forever. To what extent and to what effect does abuse have on children during adulthood? What are the main issues that adults have been abused suffer from in adulthood? Do they have more of a physical issue with preforming with their partner in the bedroom or do they have more of a mental block due to their trauma? The world had been asking these questions for far too long and we need answers on how helping the children of our world. The questions that have been stated have been answered through the two articles that will be summarized below.
Finkelhor, D., Hotaling, G., Lewis, I., & Smith, C. (1990). Sexual abuse in a national survey of
Of nursing home staff interviewed in 2004, nearly 40% admitted to committing at least one psychologically abusive act toward a resident and 10% admitted to physically abusing a resident in the preceding year.[1] Not only are nursing home residents at risk of being abused by their caretakers but they are also at risk of being restrained, which may lead to a form of abuse. With five percent of the elderly population, or one to two million instances of elder abuse occurring yearly there is no doubt that elder abuse deserves serious consideration.[2]
The selection of whether an abused older adult should enter an adult protection agency or a domestic violence program is often dependent on her age and whether or not the abuser is of relation or known to the victim (Kilbane & Spira, 2010). The concept of being known to the perpetrator is similar to US law regarding sexual abuse of a child, whereas, according to Fong and Cardoso (2010) child sexual abuse comes in many forms; however, some forms of child sexual abuse does not qualify a child victim for services provided by the child protection agency. To reap the benefits of the child protective agency, “…the perpetrator of sexual abuse needs to be responsible for the care and custody of the child” (pp. 313). One can argue that there is a moral failure of the legislative body to pass laws that does not provide the needed protections for older woman against perpetrators. The requirement of the perpetrator needing to be known to the older victim appears unjust for the older woman. For example, older women suffer from dementia which renders her forgetful of the individual/caregiver (Reingold, 2006). In this scenario, the perpetrator of the abuse may not be known to the victim ...
Elderly abuse is growing every day as people live longer than before because of modern medicine. The older people lives, the more abuse they face. Elders suffer abuse because of poor health, low income, the death of loved ones and the loss of functions. In some circumstances, the abuser might be a family member or a caregiver
Payne, B. K. and Gainey, R. R. (2006). The Criminal Justice Response to Elder Abuse in Nursing Homes:. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from http://wcr.sonoma.edu/v07n3/67.payne/payne.pdf
Emotional abuse is inflicting mental pain, anguish, or distress on an older person through verbal or nonverbal acts. Roughly 4.6 percent of adults over age 60 reported experiencing some form of emotional mistreatment prior to 2009. Some examples...
Every American should have the right to live free from the fear of abuse. Unfortunately, that doesn’t always happen. The National Center on Elder Abuse Administration on Aging (NCEA) stated, “In the United States, the 2010 Census recorded the greatest number and proportion of people age 65 and older in all of decennial census history: 40.3 million, or 13% of the total population. This “Boomer Generation” effect will continue for decades”. This suggests that with the population of elders increasing, the abuse of elders will grow much higher. Elder abuse if defined as intentionally causing harm to a vulnerable elder by a caregiver or someone they trust. There are five main types of abuse; Physical, sexual, neglect, emotional or psychological
Assisted Living Facilities abuse is a frequently occurring problem in our society (Hamilton). There are diverse categories of abuse that transpire in Assisted Living Facilities which are physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, abandonment, and financial abuse. Samples of physical abuse would be hitting or beating the elders with an object or their hand, force feeding them or pulling their hands. Sexual abuse is the Assisted Living Facility employees having sexual acts with non-consenting patients. Emotional abuse is the employees saying things verbally to torment the patient. Neglect would be the employee does not take care of the patients such as providing hygiene. Abandonment occurs when leaving patients to fend for themselves. Financial abuse is when the patient’s family pays for the services that were not taken care of. “Elder abuse is fast becoming one of the uppermost law enforcement tasks of the next century, “said Paul Hodge who investigates crime against the elderly (Gonzalez). Since abuse occurs throughout assisted living facilities, state and federal governments should establish a type of punishment such as sending for employees to prison, ways to prevent abusing elderly’s is by inspecting employees ' criminal records, qualified staff, reporting injuries, having surveillance of the areas that do not affect patients privacy, promoting continuous family visits, and shortage of staffing.
Kohl, H., Sanders, B., & Blumenthal, R. (2012). Elder Abuse: What is the Federal Role?. Generations, 36(3), 106110.
When examining elder abuse, one has to first understand its terminology. However, its terminology has not been easily defined by the researchers since the term ‘elder abuse’ can be referred to many forms of abuse. Moreover, a lack of clarity exists as to what should and should not be included in definitions of elder abuse such as environmental issues, cultural issues, what constitutes neglect and if self-neglect is elder abuse(cite). And for this very reason The World Health Organisation (2002) defined elder abuse as “a single or repeated act or lack of appropriate action occurring within any relationship where t...
Sexual assault is a worldwide epidemic that has long lasting and devastating effects on the victims. The terms sexual abuse and sexual assault are often used interchangeably. Most often the term “sexual abuse” is used when the victim is under the age of 18 and “sexual assault” is used when the victim is over the age of 18. For the purposes of this paper, “sexual assault” will be most often used as this provides a better description of the impact it has on the victims. Women are more often the victim than men; however, all races, cultures, and societies are affected by sexual assault and child sexual abuse (Davies and Jones, 2013). It is nearly impossible to determine exactly how many women have been victimized. There are two primary reasons that make such estimates difficult. First, there are so many different definitions and terms used to describe sexual abuse and assault and definitions vary from state to state (Holcomb and Holcomb, 2011). According to Holcomb and Holcomb (2011, p 27), sexual assault is used as an overarching term, encompassing a large number of sexual behaviors – physical, verbal, and psychological – that violate the health and well-being of an individual. Holcomb and Holcomb (2011) provides their own definition of sexual assault as “any type of sexual behavior or contact where consent is not freely given or obtained and is accomplished through force, intimidation, violence, coercion, manipulation, threat, deception, or abuse of authority” (p. 28). In contrast to Holcomb and Holcomb’s broad definition of sexual assault, many researchers advocate for a more narrow interpretation to prevent over reporting, thus inflating statistics (Holcomb and Holcomb, 2011). The Lancashire Sexu...