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“New France was not merely the settlement of a few fur traders; it was also a colony of Christ in the New World, even more a colony of Christ, or of the Church, than of France.” Due to the pious believers that inhabited New France, the country was run in a particular way, separating itself from France. Although falling under the jurisdiction of “New France,” the Acadians governed separately than the rest of the country and were a separate entity within New France. Today, “the Acadians are the French speaking population of the Canadian Maritime provinces,” and these are the Acadians that were not displaced during the expulsions, under British rule. Acadia’s beginnings, with the construction of Port Royal, could have marked the colony for success, but instead, led to a troubling conclusion for the European descendents. Through failed leadership, two major expulsions, and a takeover of the Acadian peoples’ French culture, the once-thriving group has been displaced primarily to Louisiana, taking on a new identity of Cajuns.
Port Royal’s Beginnings
Acadia was discovered by French explorers. Jean Cartier was the first to formally explore the land that would become Acadia but Samuel de Champlain was the first to bring with him French settlers in 1605, making Acadia the second permanent European settlement in present-day Canada. Champlain’s group first settled along the banks of __________ River in 1604 but suffered in a hard winter, losing many of the settlers to scurvy. Champlain moved the settlement to Port Royal the following spring, and the settlement began to grow, forming alliances with the Mi’kmaq and Maliseet Aboriginal groups. The Acadians worked hard at clearing the marshlands, and this allowed them fertile ground t...
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Lower, A.R.M. “New France in New England.” The New England Quarterly. no. 2 (1929): 278-295. Accessed 5 October 2013. http://www.jstor.org/stable/359305.
MacMillan, Ken. “Sovereignty “More Plainly Described”: Early English Maps of North America, 1580-1625.” Journal of British Studies 42, no. 4 (2003). Accessed 2 November 2013. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/376461.
Parkman, Francis. A Half Century of Conflict: France and England in North America. The Floating Press, 2010.
Sutherland, Maxwell. “Armstrong, Lawrence.” Dictionary of Canadian Biography, 2. (1969). Accessed 11 November 2013. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/armstrong_lawrence_2E.html.
“The Fortress of Louisbourg and Its Cartographic Evidence.” Bulletin of the Association for Preservation Technology 4, no. 1/2 (1972): 3-40. Accessed 11 November 2013, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1493360.
Brooke L. Blower, Becoming Americans in Paris: Transatlantic Politics and Culture between the World Wars. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
In the article titled “The Manitoba Land Question, 1870-1882” Sprague argues that the federal government was largely responsible for failing to properly address Metis Land claims. Sprague believes the Canadian government purposefully mismanaged and controlled Metis land organization to further its agenda. He also argues that the Canadian government did not hold up its constitutional obligation as per the Manitoba Act. Lastly Sprague suggests that newly introduced laws opened doors for settlers and made it difficult for the Metis to remain cohesive. As a result Sprague suggests that these factors lead to the loss of Metis land and therefore ultimately contributed to their subsequent exodus from Manitoba.
Lefler, Hugh T., and William S. Powell. Colonial North America. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973.
France has had a presence in North America since long before the birth of the United States. Most American history looks back at France's presence on the continent largely from the British side of events that occurred. W. J. Eccles' France In America introduces readers to French history in North America drawing largely from the french side of events. Eccles begins the book around the year 1500 with early french exploration and the events that eventually lead to colonization. France In America details the events that took place in France and french colonies from colonial beginnings to the years following the American Revolution.
The Cajuns are considered to be descendants of Acadian exiles who live mostly within the state of Louisiana. The French colonized the region of Acadia which is now Nova Scotia and the Acadians were the French colonists who lived in the area. However there were also English colonists in the area and the groups didn’t get along well. The French lost Nova Scotia to the British in a war which led to the Treaty of Utrecht (signed in 1713) which formally named Acadia as a British territory (Dormon, 39). The treaty forced the Acadians to swear an oath of allegiance to the British crown which they refused because this would require them to renounce their Catholic religion for that of the Anglican church, because of this the likelihood of another war with the French was high. The Acadians refusal to swear an oath to the British caused the British to order a deportation of the Acadians who then fled with whatever they could carry. In 1784, the King of Spain consented to allowing the Acadians to settle in Southern Louisiana. However when the Acadians arrived they had some issues with the French aristocracy who didn’t rea...
The Seven Years War, or more commonly referred to as “The French and Indian War”, has been called the true First World War. In this book The French and Indian War: Deciding the Fate of North America, the author and historian Walter R. Borneman paints a detailed and elaborate picture that justifies the claim of it being the first true war of global proportions. If ever there truly was a climax to the never ending feud of the European powers that be, Borneman would like to suggest that it was The Seven Years War. Beginning roughly in 1754, the author leads us on a path of discovery that truly has no beginning and only a tentative and temporary end. The author describes in great detail the early agitations that both could have and did lead to all out war not only in Europe but throughout their global realms and reaches. Introductions are made to some of the greatest historical figures of that era and those to come, through the extensive work that the author engages in, in an attempt to grant the most detailed and comprehensive book about not only the Seven Years War, but the events that would both lead up to and follow as a result. A MUST read for any true student of history, Borneman goes further in his masterpiece by examining and explaining common misconceptions and theories that have arisen in regards to the period and war. The book truly shines however not simply in the breadth of knowledge that it provides, but also in the manner in which it does so. Borneman masterfully fits all of the many different parts of this book together in a manner that is easily understood. It is no easy feat to cover the sheer number of names, dates and events detailed in this book. Borneman manages to weave in and out of the different faction...
The American Revolution and Nova Scotia Reconsidered by George A. Rawlyk discuss the impact the American Revolution had on Nova Scotia. Due to the Seven Years’ War, there were many settlements in the Bay of Fundy. Most settlers were from New England. The settlements were due to the fertile land left by the Acadians after their exile in 1755.
The larger of the two subgroups, Cajun French, is more properly known in today’s society as Louisiana French. Cajuns are an ethic group that is comprised of the Acadian exiles. The Acadians are a group of French speaking people who travelled from Canada to Louisiana in the late eighteenth century. The reason they wore forced to leave Acadia is because of the British Conquest. The language of the Acadians originated from the French of seventeenth century France. Once they arrived and settl...
Nous sommes Acadiens. (We are Acadians.) Some outsiders see us as a quaint, virtuous people, spending a great deal of time singing, dancing, praying, and visiting? (Conrad, 1978, p.14). Others see us as independent and unsophisticated. We see ourselves as fun-loving, carefree, happy, proud people who have a great love for our culture. The Acadians were French settlers of eastern Canada who were exiled from their land in the 1750?s. The Acadians are known to have settled in the southern bayou lands of Louisiana around that time. The Acadiana people acquired their nickname, ?Cajuns,? from those people who could not pronounce Acadians correctly. Due to the opinion that Cajuns were ?different?, they lived close together and became isolated from others in Louisiana. They have since developed their own distinct characteristics which make them unique and unlike no others in the bayou state. Family, music, housing, food, marriages, and ?traiteurs? were all a part of the simple but challenging lifestyle of the Cajuns.
Robert, Jean C. “The Deportation of the Acadians: 1755-1762.” Canada in the Making. Canadiana. 2005. http://www.canadiana.ca/citm/specifique/deportation_e.html#boundaries (accessed Feb. 20, 2012).
2. Cook Don, The Long Fuse How England lost the American colonies 1760-1785, Atlantic Monthly Press, New York, 1995
An average loyalist settler faced a variety of difficult challenges. These challenges include: getting land grants, clearing the land, planting their crops and building their homes. Settlers also faced considerable hostility from their neighbours. Getting a land grant was the first major step in resettling all the refugees from the thirteen colonies. Once a grant was issued the settler needed to clear the land of trees and rocks as well as break the soil. For many settlers this process could involve backbreaking hours of work, for black loyalists this was quite common as they were given rocky soil that made it extremely difficult to cultivate. During the length of time between getting a land grant and harvesting a crop, settlers were reliant upon support from the British government. During winter months food shortages were common and the British had to teach the settlers many skills necessary for survival. In Québec the situation was slightly different. Instead of using a regular handout system for food and supplies they used a lottery system instead.
The French and Indian war took place between 1754 and 1763. Here between these nine years would serve as the blue print to America’s history and future. “What began as a struggle over territorial rights between British colonist and French settlers became part of an international war between the great powers” (Schwartz, 1). To truly understand the French and Indian war, many must take a look into the past events that caused the dispute between the British and the French. During the year 1498, the British claims to the continent were based on the London Company and the sailing of the waters under the rule of King James I. This is where the British company in the latter half of the seventeenth century, under the crown established a reign or province, extending from seas to sea.
Taylor, Alan American Colonies: The Settling of North America, New York, NY: Penguin Group, 2001. pg. 1685-1730
A Description of New England: or The Observations, and Discoveries, of Captain John Smith (Admiral of that Country), in the North of America, in the year of our Lord, 1614; London, 1616. Reprinted in: Dow, George Francis (1921). Two Centuries of Travel in Essex County Massachusetts: A Collection of Narratives and Observations Made by Travelers 1605-1799. The Perkins Press, Topsfield.