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ethical issues on human enhancement
difference between mind and body in philosphy
difference between mind and body in philosphy
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Is there a distinction between the mind and the body? And if so, where does a person’s sense of self and consciousness lay? If consciousness lies within the mind, how should humans’ treat the body, as valuable or invaluable? According to dualist views there is a separation between the mind and the body that transgender patients feel every day. Imagine the pain and frustration one might feel when the people around look at you and think you should act and dress one way but you feel differently. That is the frustration transgendered people feel daily. They feel as if their gender and biological sex are opposites and it leads to physical, psychological, and social challenges throughout ones entire life. These challenges and separation within themselves is what pushes transgender patients to undergo the long and arduous process of sex reassignment surgery. There are many critiques and objections to this surgery that have roots in society, medicine, and the ethics of performing surgery on a physically healthy body. The ethical theory of hedonism supports the will of transsexuals to undergo the sex reassignment surgery in order to change their physical sex and decrease the pain and suffering felt by transgendered people as well as increase their pleasure and improve their lives in the long run. The ethical dilemma of transgender surgery and the ethical theory of hedonism go hand in hand in that they both seek what is pleasurable for their mind and their idea of self without valuing the body in importance.
Transgender surgery is a technique that is used to change the genital structure of a person thus allowing their genitals to more closely resemble the genitals of the opposite sex. This procedure can be preformed on people who were born ...
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.... New York: Haworth, 2007. Print.
"Gender Dysphoria." Def. 1. The Free Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2013.
Moore, Andrew, "Hedonism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2013 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), forthcoming URL = .
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Sheridan, Vanessa. The Complete Guide to Transgender in the Workplace. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger/ABC-CLIO, 2009. Print.
Stryker, Susan, and Stephen Whittle. The Transgender Studies Reader. New York: Routledge, 2006. Print.
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In How Sex Changed by Joanne Meyerowitz, the author tell us about the medical, social and cultural history of transsexuality in the United States. The author explores different stories about people who had a deep desired to change or transform their body sex. Meyerowitz gives a chronological expiation of the public opinion and how transsexuality grew more accepted. She also explained the relationship between sex, gender, sexuality and the law. In there the author also address the importance of the creation of new identities as well as how medication constrain how we think of our self. The author also explain how technological progress dissolve the idea of gender as well as how the study of genetics and eugenics impacts in the ideas about gender/sexuality and identity. But more importantly how technology has change the idea of biological sex as unchangeable.
Nursing theory is one of the first topics taught in nursing school. Nursing theory gives the nurse a base for identifying with their patients, organizing and analyzing information collected, to assist their patient. Many patient populations present with specific issues and concerns; nursing theory aids the nurse in seeing their patients as individuals and helps to tailor care as such. Across the lifespan, people’s needs with respect to health care are constantly changing and for the members of the transgender community this is especially true (McCann & Sharek, 2015). Studies indicate that services available to the transgender community are limited at best; and for the services that are available, healthcare professionals are undereducated and at times insensitive to the needs of this population (McCann & Sharek, 2015). By examining Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relationships, this paper will explore how using this theory will help the nursing professional provide quality care to members of the transgender community.
So what does transgender mean and what is transgender identity disorder? According to the American Psychological Association," transgender" is "umbrella term whose gender identity, gender expression, or behavior does not conform to that typically associated with the sex to which they wer...
What is Gender Dysphoria? A clinical definition may be, “The condition of feeling one 's emotional and psychological identity as male or female to be opposite to one 's biological sex.” There is a growing amount of scientific research that suggests gender identity develops at a very early age. So, what are the ethical considerations of gender-reassignment treatments for minors suffering from gender dysphoria? Children can be diagnosed with GD as early as age five. Following, most girls start puberty when they are between the ages of eight and thirteen years old. Then, most boys start puberty when they are between the ages of ten and fifteen years old.
Clinically speaking, a person who was assigned female at birth but identifies and lives as a man is referred to as a transsexual man, or transman, or female-to-male (FTM); a male-to-female (MTF) person is a transsexual woman or transwoman (Glicksman). Some people drop the transgender label after they have transitioned to their new gender. However, they want to be referred to only as a man or a woman. But what if our gender identity, our sense of being a boy or being a girl, does not match our physical body? From a very early age we will start to feel increasingly uncomfortable. For some this is a mild discomfort, for others it is so traumatic they would rather die than continue to live in the wrong body. Unfortunately as transsexual people are a small minority of the population the condition has been labeled by Psychiatrists as "Gender Identity Disorder". With the transgendered, the disordered assumption is that the
Hedonism is a theory of morality. There are several popular philosophers who support hedonism; some of whom offer their own interpretation of the theory. This paper will focus on the Epicurean view. Epicurus, a Greek philosophers born in 341 B.C., generated a significant measure of controversy amongst laymen and philosophical circles in regards to his view of the good life. Philosophers whom teachings predate Epicurus’ tended to focus on the question of “How can human beings live a good, morally sound, life?” Epicurus ruffled feathers and ultimately expanded the scope of philosophy by asking “What makes people happy?”
The Transsexual have a resistance to their bodies, the experience of gender dysphoria. Similar Nong Toom, they would try to find money to do the sex reassignment surgery as soon as they could. They are different from the gay men because they identify themselves as heterosexual women, even though they are attracted toward men as well (LeVay & Baldwin, 2012). When text describes that transgender is like when “women trapped in men’s bodies”, I do not understand what it meant. The textbook Human Sexuality asked the readers to imagine themselves in the body of the opposite sex in one day, likely they will be shock, discomfort, and pray to go back to their old selves. (LeVay & Baldwin, 2012). After viewing the documentary in class about the middle sex and watching the film, I am convinced that the transgender are not comfortable with their bodies since they know to how to express their
... making actual decisions, not selecting favourable experiences (which remain unchanged over the course of two years). In reality, relationships provide richness to pleasure, heightening it further than any fake pleasure could have been. There is always the challenge of trying, learning, failing and finally achieving. This achievement provides greater pleasure as well because one is able to distinguish between the lowest level (failure) and the overcoming of it at its highest level (achievement). Hedonists should see that it is important to be in tune with the entirety of reality, instead of just experiencing certain aspects of it.
In ancient Greece, many philosophers came up with lot's of great ideas and particular ways to think and go about your everyday life. More than just different ways of life, some of these great ideas that philosophers have been able to come up with are aimed to change a persons daily thought process to only seek happiness or pleasures on the journey of life. Hedonism derived from early Greek times and has evolved today in many different forms. A well practiced Hedonist has trained their mind to only seek only the upmost pleasure for the intrinsic good and to block out all pain that shall cause a person's suffering or discomfort in ones life. Some hedonist focus solely on just avoiding pain, while others main goal is to seek as much pleasure as
Hedonism, the Greek philosophic belief of the desire to pursue ‘the good life’ through seeking gre...
Statistically, 0.3-0.5% of individuals in the United States (approx. 700,000 people) identify themselves as transgender and global estimates provide similar percentages (Gates, 2011). Studies conducted regarding transgender individuals show that this class of people suffer from unusually high physical, verbal, and sexual abuse, as well as discrimination in housing and employment (Patel, 2013). Patel (20...
Value Hedonism as stated from the text for this semester is “ only states of pleasure have positive intrinsic value and only states of pain have intrinsic negative value; anything else of value is of mere extrinsic value” (Timmons, 2016). Intrinsic value is when a value is for its own sake and for the value of or the sake of something or someone else. Value Hedonism converts the things that us as humans value and turns that into pleasure. An extrinsic value only occurs when the subject is affected by an intrinsic value. We as humans sometimes let our desires for pleasure make our decisions good or bad. A prime example of something that is intrinsically valuable that we are humans use to pleasure them is Food. We eat food in order to survive,
One of the main issues transgender supporters cite in support of GRS is the protection of autonomic rights. This basically concludes that it is each person’s right to decide what he or she wants to do with his or her body, and because of this they shouldn’t be restricted when it comes to deciding their gender. Bioethics seem to generally agree with this statement at least as so far as some experts’ application of utilitarian ethic. According to Maggi Colene Hume “looking to bioethical principles leads to the conclusion that [gender reconstruction surgery] is indeed morally permissible under certain conditions” (5). The conditions to be evaluated include the mental stability of the person and their knowledge of the consequences of the procedure. Psychological professionals act as “gatekeepers” to determine the readiness of applicants before they’re allowed to go through with the surgery. In America, applicants are required to complete an intense screening process before being allowed to have the procedure. The first step of this process includes spending at least one year of real-life experience living as their preferred gender in order to ensure they’re ready to live such a lifestyle and to ensure it’s what the applicant truly wants. The next step is to have the patient participate in hormone therapy because many gender identify disorders are caused by chemical
There are many different types of surgery depending on your needs. Surgery for transgender men usually comes in 2 forms, top surgery and bottom surgery. Top surgery involves the removal of breast tissue to form a more masculine chest. Top surgery is most commonly performed as Double Incision which means making 2 separate incisions under the pectoral. Top surgery can also be preformed with the peri-aeroler method where 2 incisions are made under the areola. This leaves little to no scarring. Bottom surgery for transgender men is much less researched. There are currently 2 forms, medioplasty and Phalloplasty. Phalloplasty involves taking a skin graft from either a forearm or abdomen. It leaved extensive scarring on the arm and is expensive. Surgery for transgender women is much more researched. There is bottom surgery and then cosmetic surgery. Vaginoplasty, aka bottom surgery has been performed since the early 1900s and is low risk. Cosmetic surgery for transgender women consists of a few different surgeries, facial feminization, which transplants cartilage and bone to give a softer facial appearance, Voice feminization, which thins vocal cords to make pitch of voice higher, tracheal shave, which shaves the cartilage known commonly as the “adams apple”, and lastly augmentation of either the breasts or buttocks to give the body a more feminine form. Some people choose to undergo one or all of these surgeries, some people undergo
hedonism as a valuable worldly truth was not only dangerous, but also silly, saying, “The ideas of life on which X