Application
In order to recognize depression, self-rating scales can be useful between groups of patients with the risk increased for the depression. These scales are valuable to discover patients, evaluating the result of treatment and the course of the depression. The scales that they autoappraise are also independent from which doctor the patient they are, hence the result is a more patient ligature compared to a clinical evaluation. If the scale of autoposition indicates that the patient suffers from the depression the diagnostic debit to be confirmed then by a doctor.
The scale of autoposition PHQ-9 (Questionnaire of Patient Health) is extracted of the criteria as DSM-IV for the depression. The previous studies have showed that PHQ-9 are valuable as instruments that find case with a position of severity that allows the purveyor of care to supervise the result of treatment. These scales of autoposition are recommended for the use in the Primary Care. The Questionnaire of Patient Health (PHQ) is designed to facilitate the recognition and the diagnosis of depressive disorders in primary patients of care. For patients with a depressive disorder, a result of Index of Severity of Depression PHQ can be calculated and repeated by the time to supervise the change.
The Primary Care is more often the first contact of the patients with the medical assistance. The elegant primary debit to act as the first platform of prevention, diagnosis, care, treatment, and rehabilitation for all the illnesses in all the categories of age. This one also includes the depression, and the patients with soft to moderate depression more often can be completely handled in the Primary Care. The PHQ-9 is like that an instrument of double use that, with same...
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...riates, and health care utilization on college campuses: Results from a national sample of college students. Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University.
Kroenke K., Robert L. & Spitzer, MD. (2002). The Phq -9: A New Depression Diagnostic and Severity Measure. Psychiatric Annals 3 2 : 9.
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9. Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606-613.
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., & Williams, J. B. W. (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD; The PHQ Primary Care Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 1737-1744.
Martin, A., Rief, W., Klaiberg, A., Braehler, E. (2006). Validity of the Brief Patient Health Questionnaire Mood Scale (PHQ-9) in the general population. General Hospital Psychiatry, 28, 71-77.
"Depression." NMH - Depression. National Institute of Mental Health. 1, 3. Web. 6 April 2014.
In order to collect data a counselor must first decide on which symptom and functioning domain to assess on. Many measures are used to assess treatment outcome focus from one particular symptom or diagnosis such as depression and to which these measures only apply to one subset of clients. In response, many clinical settings that see a wide range of clients tend to measure a broader range of symptoms to provide a more complete assessment of each client. The researcher must then decide what source of dates should be used as well as whom perspective should be assessed. As a result of the complexities of measuring clinical outcomes clinicians have begun to integrate an increased number of brief, standardized, and validated measures that are provided at the beginning of treatment and throughout in intervals.
The first part of the essay explained the pathophysiology of MI; importantly, the next part will investigate the psychological impact of MI and the psychosocial effects of CR. The link between post-MI patients and psychological changes, depression and anxiety for example, is now well established. Research has also found a positive relationship between depression and long-term prognosis post-MI. As a result, it is essential to determine the psychological status of the patient to decide an accurate prognosis. In Scotland, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is advocated to determine psychological status post-MI. The HADS comprises of 14 questions, 7 for depression and 7 for anxiety, and the patient answers 0 (strongly disagree) – 3 (strongly agree). Each selection is added up and a score for both depression and anxiety is noted. Both scores are compared against normative data and psychological status is calculated; finally, the psychological status of the patient is rated: normal, borderline abnormal and abnormal.
Katon, W., and Sullivan, M. D., (1990) Depression and Chronic Mental Illness. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, v.51. pgs. 8-19
Clinical depression, which affects about 10% of the adult population (Holtz, Stokes, 1138), is charact...
Zung, W. W. K., (1965). A self-rating depression scale. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 12:63-70.[Duke Univ. Med. Ctr., Dept. Psychiatry, Durham, NC]
The following study will be concerned with the assessment of depression. In particular we will examine the Montgomery and Asberg Depression rating scale (MADRS).
Depression has many degrees of severity from a passing feeling to a serious illness, which destroys lives and relationships. Major depressive disorder is the most severe form of depression. It is extreme and persistent, rendering the patient inconsolable and helpless (1). Depressed patients often cannot continue working and have difficulty dealing with family and friends. Other symptoms of major depression are deep despair, misery, irritability, low self-esteem, suicidal thoughts, change in eating and sleeping habits, fatigue and inability to concentrate. Other mental illnesses, such as anxiety and alcoholism are also associated with major depression (2). While serious depressive episodes are important to our understanding of mental health, chronic depression is terribly widespread and often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. Dysthymia is a disorder which has similar, but milder and much longer lasting, symptoms to depression (3). By understanding the characteristics of dysthymia, health professionals can identify a chronic mental illness before it manifests into more serious psychological problems, such as severe depression. Dysthymia is also an interesting disorder from the neurobiological perspective because it is often difficult to discern from other personality disorders, such as a depressed or gloomy personality. This paper explores depression and dysthymia, their symptoms and therapies. In addition, personalities which are depressed will be analyzed and compared to depression and dysthymia. Do all three afflictions stem from the same genetic or environmental causes, and mechanistic origins? Are they all responsive to the same treatment? This comparison will address the difficulty in dis...
Williamson, J. S. (2008). Depression. Phi Kappa Phi Forum, 88(1), 18-18, 24. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.library.capella.edu/docview/235187495?accountid=27965
A study explored the conjunction validity of four MCMI measures for diagnosing mood disorders: Cycloid, Dysthymic, Hypomania and Psychotic Depression scale. Millon (1969), pointed out that the Cycloid scale was taken into consideration due to its theoretic background in the idea ...
The Beck Depression Inventory is a self-report inventory that attempts to understand the severity of depression in adults and or adolescents. The original Beck Depression Inventory was created in 1961 by Aaron Beck and his associates and was revised in 1971. In 1971, the Beck Depression Inventory was introduced at the Center for Cognitive Therapy, CCT, at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School. Much of the research on the Beck Depression Inventory has been done at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School. In the current version, of the Beck Depression Inventory, the subject rates 21 symptoms and attitudes on a 4 point scale depending on severity. Test takers rate the items listed in the inventory according to a one week timeframe, which includes the day the test takers took the test. The items that that the inventory measures covers cognitive, somatic, affective and vegetative dimensions of depression and although it was developed atheoretically, the items correspond with depression symptoms as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) (DSM-IV, American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The Beck Depression Inventory is widely known and is well known by psychiatric populations and clinicians. The BDI can be administered in a group or individual format by oral or written form. The 1993 version targets more trait aspects of depression versus the previous and earlier versions measured state aspects of depression. The test is to be administered with no more than 15 minutes to take the test, regardless of the mode administered. The 21 symptoms that are rated on the 4 point scale are then totaled and the range can vary from 0 to 63. Patients that score...
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is the comprehensive guide to diagnosing psychological disorders. This manual is published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and is currently in its fifth revision. Moreover, the manual is utilized by a multitude of mental health care professionals around the world in the process of identifying individuals with disorders and provides a comprehensive list of the various disorders that have been identified. The DSM serves as the essential resource for diagnosis of mental disorders based off of the various signs and symptoms displayed by individuals while also providing a basic reference point for the treatment of the different disorders. The manual attempts to remain scientific in its approach to identifying the underlying symptoms of each disorder while meeting the needs of the different psychological perspectives and the various mental health fields. The DSM has recently gone through a major revision from the DSM-IV-TR to the DSM-5 and contains many significant changes in both the diagnosis of mental disorders and their classifications.
The PHQ-9 is a widely utilized tool in Primary Care to assist clinicians with the detection, diagnosing, monitoring, and measuring of severity of depression in adults (Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams 2001). It is a nine item self-administered questionnaire based on the Diagnostic Statistic Manual IV (DSM-IV) criteria for diagnosing depression in adults. There is a tenth question at the end regarding effect, if any, on functioning. It has also been used in many medical specialty populations for adults presenting with, or suspicion of depressive symptoms. It may be completed in clinic by the patient and takes two to five minutes (Nease et al. 2003). It is reviewed by the clinician and interpretation of the score is made using the algorithm that accompanies the questionnaire in 1-3 minutes. The expense of the paper is the only cost. The training is simply the clinician becoming familiar with the questions and the scoring.
NICE (2009) Depression in Adults: the treatment and management of depression in adults. National Institute for Clinical Excellence, London
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has been used for decades as a guidebook for the diagnosis of mental disorders in clinical settings. As disorders and diagnoses evolve, new versions of the manual are published. This tends to happen every 10 years or so with the first manual (DSM-I) having been published in 1952. For the purpose of this discussion, we will look at the DSM-IV, which was published originally in 1994, and the latest version, DSM-5, that was published in May of 2013. Each version of the DSM contains “three major components: the diagnostic classification, the diagnostic criteria sets, and the descriptive text” (American Psychiatric Association, 2012). Within the diagnostic classification you will find a list of disorders and codes which professionals in the health care field use when a diagnosis is made. The diagnostic criteria will list symptoms of disorders and inform practitioners how long a patient should display those symptoms in order to meet the criteria for diagnosis of a disorder. Lastly, the descriptive text will describe disorders in detail, including topics such as “Prevalence” and “Differential Diagnosis” (APA, 2012). The recent update of the DSM from version IV-TR to 5 has been controversial for many reasons. Some of these reasons include the overall structure of the DSM to the removal of certain disorders from the manual.