ITRODUCTION
As it becomes evident from historical observations, research was creation of the curiosity which is caused by the human nature. A lot of the discoveries that occurred in the ancient years were achieved by luck. After that they acquired experience and skills to explore more and more for new achievements. The acute interest on discovering new methods and ideas gave answers to questions which faced the society of each period. All this doubts could not be answered on their own. Some people had to make researches on specific subjects, they had to observe them and after a lot of work on it they had to present the result. They got experience on resolving problems of humanity and so science appeared. Nowadays, science is involved in every aspect of our life, even in subjects that we can not imagine. We can meet remarkable examples of scientific achievements in technology and also in society but they will be analyzed in the next chapters.
THE PHASES IN INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE
As the introduction prepared us for this, we can discern three different phases in the history of institutional development of science. If we put them in an order according to chronological interest that each phase has, we could say that the first one is the pre-science phase, the second is the science for gentlemen and the third is the phase of professional science. (Dr. Nedeva Maria, Lecture “The story of science”, 2006)
THE PRE- SCIENCE PHASE
The pre- science phase unrolled in the ancient years. In those years science appeared in Egypt, Greece, India, etc. These ancient researchers put the bases for the development of science and gave to the society very important information about astronomy, mathematics, physics and medicine. In this phase we could report that the ideas were not very systematic. The theoretical development was in a very low level and so was the development in mathematics. The importance of this phase was the primitive discoveries that took place. (Dr. Nedeva Maria, Lecture “The story of science”, 2006)
SCIENCE FOR GENTLEMEN
This period unrolls from the 15th to the 19th century, mainly in the Western and Northern Europe. The reason that this period was characterized as the science for gentlemen is because only wealthy, male could have a place in the Universities and generally in the scientific society. This phase is characterized by scientific theories and emerging practical orientation and relevance.
For example Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler were involved in a science called astronomy. Astronomy was the branch of science that deals with heavenly objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole. Different scientists invented different discoveries that changed our world today. Copernicus was a scientists who lived in Italy for many years, and discovered modern astronomy. Study and calculation led him to the conclusion that the earth turns upon its own axis, and, together with the planets, revolves around the sun, which led to his theory called the Copernican Theory. Another scientists who was involved in astronomy was Galileo. Galileo made one of the first telescopes, which was very powerful. He discovered the phases of Venus and sunspots, confirming that the sun rotates, and that the planets orbit around the Sun, not around the Earth. Galileo believed that these discoveries committed to the Copernican Theory. Kepler was another scientist involved in astronomy, he worked out the mathematical laws which govern the movements of the planets. He made it clear that the planets revolve around sun in elliptical instead of circular orbits. Kepler's investigations afterwards led to the discovery of the principle of gravitation. Vesalius and Harvey were involved in a science called anatomy. Anatomy was the the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms. Vesalius studied in Italian medical schools, he was the founder of modern human anatomy, and wrote a very famous interesting books on human anatomy called De humani corporis fabrica. His discoveries consisted of the skeletal system, muscular system, vascular and circulatory system, nervous system, abdominal organs, the heart, and the brain. Vesalius discovered that the skulls mandible consists of only one bone. The sternum which is made up of three parts is also one of
Scientific discovery brought about as much questioning as it did answers. The Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei invented the improved telescope that gave man the capability to peer into the heavens1. Seeing the universe in this new light caused men to awaken to a new sense of being. Finding that seeing the way our universe was laid out was different than what was originally conceived caused major impact in society. Galileo’s findings caused him to battle with the powerful Catholic Church, a decision that ultimately led to his downfall. Scientific discovery in gravity and the laws
"The growth of commerce and industry led to the technological advances, which in turn stimulated, and were stimulated by science.” (p. 403) The European scientific revolution was fueled by the blending of “liberal” and “servile” arts, in other words, science and technology. Because of the European expansion taking place throughout the world, new commerce and industries were advancing, creating the need for new technology and science. The theories and inventions that Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton provided were the fist major advances during the scientific revolution, and perhaps were the most profound.
Earlier Science was treated as an institution but now, it includes many things like "scientific experiments, "theories" etc. The authors argue that this knowledge should viewed in terms of "socially constructed" and not the one known as "scientific truth". This article points that in the social constructivist view, the 'science' it is just another system of knowledge which contains empirical researches and studies. It is basically concerned with what is "truth", how it has emerged, accepted and explained in social domain. ...
1. What is the difference between a. and a. From the “Writing” sections of this module: The first writing, Cuneiform, developed in Mesopotamian cities around 3000 BC. What “big problem” was writing created to solve? Writing really emerged separately in three regions, independently of one another. Those regions are Central and South America, Mesopotamia, and Asia.
6. L. Pearce Williams and Henry John Steffens, The Scientific Revolution, vol. 2 of The
Shapere, D. (1964). Review: The structure of Scientific Revolutions. The Philosophical Review , 73 (3), 383-394.
This essay will discuss differences in motives which have driven ancient and modern science, arguing that 17th century alterations of power structures led to the ultimate division between modern and ancient science and the eruption of modern science as it is today. Comparisons will be drawn regarding knowledge accessibility, prevailing philosophies and ideologies, and the relationship between science and the church.
Science can be defined as a concept of observations and inquiries that the whole world applies depending on certain natural laws which are discovered and tested. Some academics come across ideas which have existed, they explore and test these ideas using scientific methods. These methods are based on observations or experience which compel academics into hypothesis testing (Comer, Gould, & Furnham, 2013). It is suggested that science has key
Science, Technology, and Human Values in Sigmund Freud's Civilization and Its Discontents, Henrik Ibsen and Arthur Miller's An Enemy of the People, and Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five
Technology enables students and teachers to have a fast and easy way to acquire unlimited access to tons of information. With all of the useful technologies, the curriculum is bound to change in endless ways, creating more opportunity for learning.
Science gave more to life than just understanding how the world works. The discoveries of the scientific revolution proposed great questions as to the truth of what was being taught religiously and academically. The advancements made during the revolution did great good in regards to initiating a more logical approach to explaining daily excursion and events in human life and in nature. Science also created a shift in the general order of what can and cannot be accepted. What was once understood in religion and social system as just a phenomenon that occurred without a connection or correlation to something else had changed. The people of the 17th century soon learned that there was generally a cause and effect in everything, and that certain
Science is everywhere; you always see it in every day life. Like when you get a ride to school from your parents, watch TV, talk on the phone, and listen to music, that’s using science. When you pass buildings science was used to build them.
This paper discusses the relationship between technology and society. It focuses on how technology has influenced various aspects of the society. The areas looked are: how technology has affected the communication, transportation, education, health, economic activities, environment, food production, food conservation and preservation and food distribution. It has gone further to explain how technology has radically changed the demographic structure of the societies in question, specifically Japan society. In addition, it has discussed how technology has influenced government policy formulation.
Science and Technology has been around from the beginning of time. It evolved from the everyday efforts of people trying to improve their way of life. Throughout history, humankind has developed and utilized tools, machines, and techniques without understanding how or why they worked or comprehending their physical or chemical composition. Before we go any further a definition has to be given for both Science and Technology because they are both different in their own right even though the two are almost indistinguishable. According to the Oxford Dictionary Technology can be defined as the knowledge or use of the mechanical arts and applied sciences, while Science can be defined as the branch of knowledge involving systematized observation and experiment. Science can be further divided into three separate categories; Pure, Applied and Natural Sciences. In addition technology is often defined as applied science, it is simply the application of scientific knowledge to achieve a specific human purpose, however, historical evidence suggests technology is a product of science.