Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
flash card on congenital heart diseases
flash card on congenital heart diseases
Congenital Heart Defects quizlet
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: flash card on congenital heart diseases
“Ebstein’s anomaly is a rare cardiac anomaly that occurs in approximately one in 20,000 live births and accounts for less than 1% of all congenital heart disease (Ebstein’s anomaly in adults)”. The goal of this paper is to examine Ebstein’s Anomaly - to understand what it is, how it affects the heart, possible presenting symptoms, and other possible complications associated with this anomaly. Diagnosis of this anomaly is key in treating patients, thus echocardiographic as well as other test modalities are vital in assessing what the treatment options are available, as well as discerning what the prognosis may be. Advancing test modalities have helped distinguish Ebstein’s Anomaly with other differential diagnoses. Developments with testing modalities coupled with comprehensive calculations, formulas, and measurements have facilitated correctly diagnosing, and therefore properly treating cardiac patients.
Definition
Ebstein’s Anomaly is a rare congenital condition, present at birth, in which the tricuspid valve is malformed and the valve itself is not in the correct anatomic place (Mayo Clinic Staff). This anomaly affects the right side of the heart – the tricuspid valve is located too deep into the ventricle, causing a smaller and weaker right ventricle. The space above the decreased right ventricle is made up of atrial tissue and this can be referred to as right ventricle dysplasia or an atrialized right ventricle (Reynolds). Typically the tricuspid valve has three freely moving leaflets, but in Ebstein’s anomaly one or two of those leaflets get fused to the heart walls causing regurgitation. Since the heart does not work as efficiently in those who have this anomaly, the heart usually compensates and becomes enlarged. It...
... middle of paper ...
...rom http://www.ebsteinsanomaly.org/what_is_ea.html
Hartnell, G. (2013, July 22). Ebstein Anomaly Imaging. Retrieved January 23, 2014, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/349278-overview#a24
Mayo Clinic Staff (n.d.). Ebstein's Anomaly Causes - Diseases and Conditions - Mayo Clinic. Retrieved January 23, 2014, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ebsteins-anomaly/basics/causes/con-20033605
Riaz, K. (2013, April 15). Ebstein Anomaly. Retrieved January 23, 2014, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/154447-overview#a0101
Swiss Medical Weekly (2005). Ebstein’s anomaly – review of a multifaceted congenital cardiac condition. Retrieved February 22, 2014, from http://www.smw.ch/docs/pdf200x/2005/19/smw-10985.PDF
Tidy, C. (2012, December 10). Ebstein's Anomaly. Retrieved February 22, 2014, from http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/ebsteins-anomaly
Left-sided holodiastolic, murmur with point of maximal intensity over the left base. The murmur is decrescendo shaped.
4. Right Ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) – In a normal heart, the left ventricle has a rather thicker wall than the right due to the fact that it has to pump oxygenated blood to the body as opposed to the right ventricle which only needs to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs. However, Tetralogy of Fallot causes an enlargement of the right ventricular muscle due to the pulmonary stenosis in the pulmonary
When MVP occurs, the left ventricle contracts, one or both flaps of the mitral valve flop or bulge back (prolapse) in the left atrium, this prevents the valve from forming a tight seal. As a result, blood may leak back into the atrium which is referred to as regurgitation (nhlbi.nih.gov).
First and foremost, Eisenmenger syndrome was initially described in 1897 when German physician, Victor Eisenmenger, reported on a patient with symptoms of dyspnea and cyanosis from infancy that subsequently developed heart failure (Connolly, 2014). The postmortem description was revealed and a ventricular septal defect was discovered (El-Chami et al., 2014a). With that being said, this had been the first time that the link between a large congenital cardiac shunt defect and the development of pulmonary hypertension had ever been noted (El-Chami et al., 2014b). The normal heart has four chambers. The two upper chambers are separated from each other by the atrial septum (NORD, 2014a). The two lower chambers are known as ventricles and are separated from each other by the ventricular septum (NORD, 2014b).
“Hypoplastic left heart syndrome accounts for 9% of all critically ill newborns with congenital cardiac disease, causing the largest number of cardiac deaths in the first year of life.(2) ” HLHS is a severe heart defect that is present at birth. HLHS combines different defects that result in an underdeveloped left side of the heart. This syndrome is one of the most challenging and difficult to manage of all of the congenital heart defects. Multiple portions on the left side of the heart are affected including the left ventricle, the mitral and aortic valve, and the ascending aorta. These structures are greatly reduced in size, or completely nonexistent causing the functionality of the left heart to be reduced, or non-functional all together.
Millions of people suffer from heart valve disease every year (“US Markets for Heart Valves”, 2007). Out of all of the heart valve diseases, “mitral regurgitation is the second most common valvular heart disease” (Baumgartner et al., 2006). This is due to the fact that the mitral valve experiences the most pressure and blood flow compared to the other valves in the heart (“US Markets for Heart Valves”, 2007). The disease occurs when blood leaks back into the left auricle from the left ventricle, which is caused by the mitral valve not closing properly (Lantada et al., 2009). The majority of the time, the mitral valve does not function correctly due to a structural abnormality (Buckner et al., 2010). These abnormalities can occur in either the papillary chords or the papillary muscles (Lantada et al., 2009). The frequency of the mitral valve abnormalities, especially in the elderly population, led to extensive research to find a solution (“US Markets for Heart Valves”, 2007).
Eisenmenger Syndrome (ES) is a heart defect that was first giving the name in 1897 (Fukushima, 2015). This syndrome happens when the birth defect is not treated before the lungs’ arteries become damaged. Eisenmenger Syndrome is named after Victor Eisenmenger a man who had a patient who showed symptoms such as, breathing complications and skin that was turning a bluish color. The autopsy of this patient lead him to discover a ventricular septal defect [VSD] (El-Chami, 2014), that causes a hole in the wall on the right and left ventricular. This is the defect that begins when signaling for pulmonary artery hypertension, which progresses into more advanced stages of ES. This birth defect eventually causes patients to have various
McKusick, Victor A., Cassandra L. Kniffin, and Joanna. "#268800-Sandhoffs Disease." Online Mendelian Inheritance In Man, 25 Mar. 2009. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. .
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Effects on Young Athletes Alyssa Trimm 130568370 Wilfrid Laurier University Dr. Kalmar KP 122 Section A
During a physical examination, a specialist may hear a heart murmur which will prompt a referral to a pediatric cardiologist for an analysis. Diagnostic testing will vary by the child’s age, clinical condition, and institutional preferences. Such test may incorporate a chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. A chest X-ray uses unseen X-ray beams to cr...
Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome is a very rare and serious genetic disorder that generally affects the heart, facial features, and skin of an individual. It is caused by a desultory gene mutation, which takes place in one of four genes. Those genes are known as BRAF, MEK1, MEK2, and KRAS. From research, it is also suspected there is a possibility that other genes are associated with the rare condition. This disorder holds multiple alternative names, a long history, obvious symptoms, extensive amounts of interesting data, and is lucky enough to be supported by numerous organizations that will stop at nothing to help.
Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart disease which involves four different heart defects in one. The four different heart defects are a large ventricular septal defect (VSD), Pulmonary Stenosis, Right ventricular hypertrophy, and an overriding aorta. These congenital defects change the normal flow of blood thro...
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an inherited disease that affects the cardiac muscle of the heart, causing the walls of the heart to thicken and become stiff. [1] On a cellular level, the sarcomere increase in size. As a result, the cardiac muscles become abnormally thick, making it difficult for the cells to contract and the heart to pump. A genetic mutation causes the myocytes to form chaotic intersecting bundles. A pathognomonic abnormality called myocardial fiber disarray. [2,12] How the hypertrophy is distributed throughout the heart is varied. Though, in most cases, the left ventricle is always affected. [3] The heart muscle can thicken in four different patterns. The most common being asymmetrical septal hypertrophy without obstruction. Here the intraventricular septum becomes thick, but the mitral valve is not affected. Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy with obstruction causes the mitral valve to touch the septal wall during contraction. (Left ventricle outflow tract obstruction.) The obstruction of the mitral valve allows for blood to slowly flow from the left ventricle back into the left atrium (Mitral regurgitation). Symmetrical hypertrophy is the thickening of the entire left ven...
(Slide 5) Dilated cardiomyopathies results from a wide spectrum of genetic, inflammatory, toxic, and metabolic causes. However, at least 750,000 of the over 300 million U.S. population are likely to have idiopathic (ie: the cause is unknown) dilated cardiomyopathy (Hershberger). (Slide 6) Although many cases are currently classified as idiopathic, some examples of known causes include specific gene mutations, chronic excessive alcohol ingestion and other recreational drug use, chemotherapy, pregnancy, and viral myocarditis
There are more than ten inherited disorders within Elhers-Danlos syndrome. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a “genetic defect in collagen and connective tissue synthesis and structure” (Schwartz, 2013). EDS affects the skin, joints and blood vessels in most types. In EDS the abnormality of the collagen varies dependent on the type of EDS. Six of the main types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome include; types I and II EDS which are called the classic type, type III hypermobile EDS, type IV vascular EDS, type VI kyphoscoliosis EDS, type VII A and B arthrochalasia EDS, and type VII C dermatosparaxis EDS (Willacy, 2011).