Review of Qualitative Literature
Qualitative methods use a different approach to scholarly research than quantitative methods. According to Creswell (2014), although similar in processes, qualitative methods rely on text and image data, have unique steps in data analysis, and draw on diverse designs in the qualitative study. There is now an increased publication of articles using qualitative methods as it became more acceptable, especially in the production of dissertations, as opposed to quantitative methods.
Because qualitative methods provide valuable insights into the local perspectives of study populations, they have become a valuable method of research. Indeed, qualitative research methods are gaining in popularity outside the traditional academic social sciences, particularly concerning studies in public health and international development research (Mack, Woodsong, MacQueen, Guest & Namey, 2005). Whereas quantitative research methods once dominated these fields, researchers have now begun drawing from a more diverse repertoire of methodologies as they tackle international public health, business, and other problems related to humankind (Mack, Woodsong, MacQueen, Guest & Namey, 2005).
One of the suggested ways to develop fluency with any research method is to review the published literature, especially peer-reviewed articles. This paper will review several peer reviewed qualitative studies, and will concentrate on the topics, the problems encountered in the study, the purpose of the study, its various research designs and the conclusions arrived at as a result of the studies. One of the best ways to summarize the key points of peer-reviewed journals is to use the method of an annotated bibliography. Knott (2012) ...
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Lamb, D. (2013). Promoting the case for using a research journal to document and reflect on the research experience. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 11(2), 84-92.
Mack, N., Woodsong, C., MacQueen, K., Guest, G., & Namey, E. (2005). Qualitative research methods: A data collector's field guide. Family Health International, Retrieved from http://www.fhi360.org/
Marshall, b., Cardon, P., Poddar, A., & Fontenot, R. (2013). Does sample size matter in qualitative research?: a review of qualitative interviews in is research. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 54(1), 11-22.
Marshall, b., Cardon, P., Poddar, A., & Fontenot, R. (2013). Does sample size matter in qualitative research?: a review of qualitative interviews in is research. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 54(1), 11-22.
The questions before today’s researchers are how to apply qualitative research, and when to supplant it with either quantitative research or a mixture of the two.
Described below is a critical appraisal of a qualitative article by Lisa Booth using the frame-work suggested by Ryan, Coughlan and Cronin 2007 to establish its believability, robustness, credibility and integrity (Ryan, Coughlan & Cronin, 2007).
Initially, I will define key concepts of qualitative research and secondary analysis on qualitative data. Second, I will identify certain limitations and barriers to pur-sue secondary analysis in the order of contextual information barriers, methodo-logical barriers and ethical issues. Third, I will briefly discuss how such barriers can be overcome and why researchers should pursue secondary analysis. Doing so, I will look at using research in the pilot stage, economic reasons and method-ological advancements.
Patton, M. (2002). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods.(3rd ed).Thousand Oaks, Califorinia : Sage Publications, Inc . Retrieved on May 10th, 2014, From http://books.google.com
The term methods refers to the ways in which researchers collect data to build their argument. All empirical research, regardless of whether it is considered to be qualitative (QUAL), quantitative (QUAN), or both, as in mixed mode research (MMR), include a discussion of research methodology (Schensul, 2008b). Most qualitative research refer to the constituent components of research methodology; guiding paradigms, aspects of research design, definitions of terminology, methods of data collection, and analysis and dissemination. Theory is extremely important in providing the initial arguments for the study, framing its formative conceptual model, and guiding directions in data collection and
Qualitative research is an approach that attempts to situate an activity that locates the observer in the world by providing the study to occur in their natural setting and by attempting to make sense of, or interpret information (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005). A characteristic of qualitative research is to use a variety of empirical materials such as personal experience, interviews, and questionnaires. It is imperative to understand the task at hand and how to fully carry out the study when using a qualitative research approach in order to find out the information needed. One view of qualitative research is it involves examining individual’s experiences and documenting those experiences in detail (Jones, 2011). By documenting these observations the researcher is ensuring validity in his or her data and giving the correct creditability to those who participated in the study.
Ulin,R.P., Robinson,E.T.,Tolle,E.E. (2005) Qualitative Methods in Public Health: A Field Guide for Applied Research. San Francisco: Family health international. in Humanities a
focused on the key qualitative research methods. For each article review, a brief description, guided by Myers (2013), and a critique, guided Pratt (2009), is provided. A summary of the five articles identifying the research method, data collection technique, data analysis approach and critique is provided in Table 1. The narrative review of each article coupled with figures and tables to organize and visualize thoughts (Pratt, 2009) follows the summary table.
In this paper, I will define quantitative and qualitative research methods and provide examples in the context of social issues which will hopefully provide insight into how this methods are properly applied.
Liamputtong, P. & Ezzy, D., 2005, Qualitative research methods, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, Victoria, pp. 12-31.
This definition has three primary components that are essential to understanding the nature of qualitative research. The first component is that qualitative is interpretive. Qualitative data consists of words, pictures, clothing, documents, or other non-numerical information. During and after the data is collected, the research continually attempts to understand the data from the participant’s subjective perspective. The most important task of the qualitative researcher is to understand the insiders view then the researcher takes of objective outsider and relates the interpretive subjective data to the research purpose and research questions. In qualitative research, the research questions are allowed to evolve, or possibly change during the study because qualitative research is usually focused on exploring phenomena; consequently, quantitative typically does not allow the change of that sort because the focus is on hypothesis testing. Qualitative is useful for understanding and describing local situations in theory and for theory generation; in contrast, quantitative research tends to be more useful for hypothesized testing. The second component of qualitative research is multimethod. This means that a variety of methods are used to collect data. Data collecting methods include the personal experience, introspective analysis, and individual’s life story, interview with individuals, written document, photographs and historical information. Qualitative research uses several of these data collecting methods to try and get the best description of an event for the meaning it has for the individuals being studied. The use of several methods is referred to as triangulation because it is believed that the use of several methods provides a better understanding of the phenomena being
Bailey, L. F. (2014). The origin and success of qualitative research. International Journal Of Market Research, 56 (2), 167-184. doi:10.2501/IJMR-2014-013
Qualitative research was designed as a way to be directly connected with the subjects researched. Participant researchers may choose to merely observe and collect data or to be an active participant. Covert participation has the advantage of reducing the “reactive effects” of the social setting or group (Bachman & Schutt, 2012). Most researchers who use the participation method of research will often strike a balance between participation and observation. Through participation, an observer may gain the trust of the research subjects which can provide more fruitful results. Some research may however be unethical or a violation of law. A good researcher should use prudence beforehand when crafting their research design.
...chniques and procedures among those associated with quantitative or qualitative research. A literature review, which included document analysis, was used to answer sub-questions one, two and three. A model building approach was suggested to answer sub-question four. In addition, the study uses a case study as a proof-of-concept. The use of a case study is a qualitative empirical study to strengthen the research validity. Since the research methods directly responding to the research questions (Literature review and Model building) make use of textual data, we classified this study as a qualitative study. Table 3.1 below summarises the classification of this study in terms of the dimensions discussed above.
Stejskal, S.M. (2010) Quatiative and Qualitative Research Methods are not and should not be Mutually Exclusive, Grinn Verlag.