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Introduction to Research Methodology
Research methodology and Research method
Research methodology and Research method
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It has been stated that “once you are clear about your research topic, you will be able to choose the most appropriate research strategy and data collection and analysis techniques” (Sanders et al, 2009: 20-21). This applies to the proposed research, as it is the “the logical sequence that connects the empirical data to a study’s initial research questions and, ultimately, to its conclusions” (Yin, 2009). A comprehensive research design includes strategies, choices and takes into account the time horizons. Extensive time and effort needs to be taken into account when creating a research design, as it has been described to be the glue that holds the components of the research project together. For this reason, it is vital that a detailed methodology is prepared meticulously in order to produce a solid research. It is important to note that there are a variety of ways to conduct a research to answer proposed questions, however each of the three questions will be tackled with an approach in order to provide a general understanding of the different methods to be adopted.
Research Question 1
Philosophy
The philosophy adopted for the first research question is pragmatism. The researcher carefully selected to adopt the pragmatist philosophy as it argues that the most important factor of the research philosophy adopted is indeed the research question. The selected approach focuses on the research problem and uses all of the approaches available to understand the problem (Rossman and Wilson, 1985). Pragmatists agree that research occurs in social, historical, political and other contexts. For this reason, it is said that pragmatism opens the doors for multiple methods, different worldviews, which provides diverse alternatives for data co...
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...nagers. London: Sage Publications.
7. Kosack, S. and Tobin, J. 2006. Funding self-sustaining development: The role of aid, FDI and government in economic success. International Organization, 60 (1), p. 205.
8. Moyo, D. 2009. Dead aid. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
9. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. 2003. Research methods for business students. Harlow, England: Prentice Hall.
10. Tartir, A. 2014. Kerry’s billions: US economic plans for Palestine place investment over freedom. [online] Available at: http://mondoweiss.net/2014/01/economic-palestine-investment.html [Accessed: 11 Apr 2014].
11. Williamson, C. R. 2010. Exploring the failure of foreign aid: The role of incentives and information. The review of Austrian economics, 23 (1), pp. 17--33.
12. World Bank: Palestinian economy unsustainable due to foreign aid reliance. 2012. Haaretz, July 25, 2012.
Different styles of research are employed in research to safeguard that the facts are acquired to permit examiners to find resolution to the principal queries for the study correctly, therefore, evading uncertainty ( ). Acquiring relevant proof encompasses stipulating the type of proof mandatory in answering the query. Methodological designs encompass logical complications; therefore, matters of sampling, information gathering methods, and queries are secondary to the type of method used in research. Strategies are often compared with quantitative and qualitative research methods. Research and collective studies are often observed as principal specimens of quantitative research and are evaluated compared to the flaws and strong point of numerical, examination, and quantitative research methods ( ).
Companies use marketing research to identify problems or opportunities that they might encounter. Organizations may also use marketing research to identify their strengths and weaknesses, and certain trends that are forming in their market. H&R Block is a tax service company that prepares state and federal taxes for individual customers and small to mid-size companies (H&R Block, 2010). This company has defined their marketing research and has different types of marketing research techniques it uses. Furthermore, there are other types of H&R Block’s marketing research techniques that would be beneficial to if they were implemented correctly.
Elgindy, Khaled. “Palestine Goes to the UN.” Foreign Affairs 90.5 (2011): 102-113. Academic Research Premier. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
* Speth, James Gustave. “The Plight of the Poor: The Unites States Must Increase Development Aid.” Foreign Affairs v. 78 no3. May/June. 1999: 1-3.
Every year, donors from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) give billions of dollars in foreign aid, with the United States contributing a large percentage of this sum (Eischen 2012) (Figure A). However, the amount and way in which this money is handled has given rise to heavy criticism. Books such as Dambisa Moya’s Dead Aid: Why Aid is Not Working and How There is a Better Way For Africa and the innumerable news articles lamenting the state of the corrupt bureaucracies of receiving countries not only discuss the inefficiencies of foreign aid but also accuse these programs of being harmful (Ayodele et al. 2005). One such article claimed that, due to inefficiencies and corruption, at least twenty percent of aid is completely lost (Chakraborty 2013).
Bryman A. and Bell E. (2011) Business Research Methods. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Dambisa Moyo's "Dead Aid: Why Aid is Not Working and How There is a Better Way for Africa " is controversial book that attempts to answer the question: Is foreign aid good or bad? Moyo’s Dead Aid is not the first critique of aid as a development tool. Peter Bauer, the Hungarian–born London School of Economics economists, was among the first write against development aid. Hubbard and Duggan in, “The Aid Trap: Hard Truths About Ending Poverty” (2009) is also critical of foreign aid with different qualifications and emphases on other type of aid in terms of development.
This essay will argue that the current British policy of trying to meet the target of spending 0.7% of British Gross National Income on foreign aid is flawed. It will be split into three sections: the first will establish that foreign aid is an important and contentious area of policy, the second will show the problems of the 0.7% target whilst the final one will propose solutions to the problems inherent in current policy choices in the area. The main conclusion of the essay will be that, if the United Kingdom is committed to delivering effective foreign aid, it ought to stop considering whether it has spent enough on developing countries but instead focus on whether its expenditure is having effect. Throughout, discussion will be made harder by the fact that current academic commentary on foreign aid ‘anarchy’. Considering this, the essay will try to illustrate as broad a range as possible in the various approaches taken to the topic, before reaching its overall conclusion.
Zikmund, W., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C., & Griffin, M. (2010). Business research methods (8th ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western
Kosack, S. and Tobin, J (2006) “Funding Self-Sustaining Development: The Role of Aid, FDI and Government in Economic Success”, International Organisation, 60 (1): 205-243.
In conclusion, it can be said that from this study apparently quantitative and qualitative methods of research are distinct and operate in different ways from each other. The major distinction among the two is the fact that qualitative methods present data as explanations, while quantitative methods give out data as numbers. Although, it can be accounted that each of these methods work best when added with any aspect of the other.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, 3rd Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Perri 6 & Christine B., 2012. Principles of Methodology: Research Design in Social Science. London: Sage.
According to Mouton, research designs are tailored to address different kinds of research questions. Thus, when attempts are made to classify different kinds of research studies to different design types, they are classified by the kind of research questions they are able to answer. Research designs can be mapped out to the types of research questions (research problem) using four dimensions: 1) empirical versus non-empirical dimension, 2) using primary versus using secondary data, 3) the nature of the data (numerical versus textual data) and 4) the degree of control (structured (laboratory) conditions versus natural field settings)
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2010) Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Pearson Education.