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NATO bombings on Serbia
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While there are several incidents of successful personnel recovery recorded throughout history, the recovery of Air Force Captain (CPT) Scott O’Grady during the Bosnian War presents an interesting study. CPT O’Grady’s personal conduct as a result of his training greatly increased his chances of being recovered. Additionally, the units involved in removing CPT O’Grady from the battlefield operated in an almost textbook fashion.
History
In late 1992, as a result of the breakup of Yugoslavia, the Bosnian War started between different ethnic factions of Croatians, Serbians and Bosnians. The United States, as part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), provided air power to the United Nations (UN) under Operation Deny Flight.1 This operation intended to preclude the opposing factions from using air assets for mass destruction of their enemies.
The United Nations placed military sanctions against the warring factions in the Bosnian war. In response, the United States Air Force as part of NATO activated the 555th Fighter Squadron of the 31st Fighter Wing based in Aviano, Italy.2 Fighter assets traveled across the Adriatic Sea to conduct combat air patrols over the enforced no fly area. The pilots would conduct aerial refueling over the sea and return to Aviano at the end of their shift.
As a result of increased use of heavy weapons around the city of Sarajevo, NATO aircraft bombed several Serbian weapons caches. The May 26, 1995 strike was aimed at reducing the ammunition available to attack the city.3 Intelligence satellites noted large amounts of secondary explosions that verified the targets were indeed weapons caches. This destruction of resources angered the Serbians, who retaliated by taking over 370 NATO...
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...edicated force such as this.
Bibliography
Auste r, Bruce B. “One Amazing Kid”. U.S. News & World Report. June 11, 1995. http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/950619/archive_010384.htm.
Clines, Francis X. “CONFLICT IN THE BALKANS: THE RESCUE; Downed Pilot Rescued in Bosnia in Daring Raid.” NY Times. June 09, 1995. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/09/world/conflict-balkans-rescue-downed-us-pilot-rescued-bosnia-daring-raid.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm.
Cohen, Roger. “NATO Jets Bomb Arms Depot at Bosnian Serb Headquarters.” NY Times. May 26, 1995. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/26/world/nato-jets-bomb-arms-depot-at-bosnian-serb-headquarters.html.
O’Grady, Scott. Basher Five-Two. New York: Yearling, July 6, 1998
Simpson, Ross W. “The Rescue of BASHER 52.” Leatherneck. September 1995. http://www.mca-marines.org/leatherneck/rescue-basher-52.
Let’s start with a little back-story. Archduke Franz Ferdinand II of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was on his way to the town hall of Sarajevo to inspect imperial forces in the newly-annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina. Before he reached his location, a bomb was thrown at his car by Nedjelko Cabrinovic, another Serbian nationalist, but it rolled off of the car and into the crowd, injuring an officer and some bystanders.
The battle is over. The NVA forces had suffered hundreds of casualties and were no longer capable of a fight. U.S. forces had suffered 79 killed and 121 injured and had been reinforced that would guarantee their safety the safety of all the companies as they medivacd all the wounded and dead, and resupplied. The actions taken by Moore and his command group, from Company Commanders to NCO’s, saved the lives of numerous American soldiers. This battle shows the leadership and unit discipline needed to survive and be combat effective in adverse situations.
Exemplary performance has always attracted accolades and numerous prices; this gives morale and vigor for everyone to achieve their best. In the disciplined forces, particularly the marine, the service members always receive a major reward that elevates them in rank; this is the medal. This rewards them for their bravery and contribution in the missions they are involved in. Indeed, they contribute a lot to the peace and security of the world at large and they truly deserve these medals for recognition (Tucker, 2011). This has been a practice for the U.S. Marine to issue Corps medals since the Civil War to present day. Among the Corps Medal categories include American Defense Medal-WWII, Armed Forces Civilian Service Medal, Bronze Star Medal, Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary medal, Humanitarian Service Medal, and Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal among others. Since the Civil War there have been over 120 U.S. Marine Corps Medals. This paper identifies Lieutenant General Lewis Burwell “Chesty” Puller and describes why he has been one of the most decorated marines in the history of the U.S.
On March 24, 1999, the united countries of North Atlantic Treaty Organization, under pressure from the United States, launched an illegal assault upon a sovereign nation. The evidence is overwhelming that leaders within the United State government sponsored this decision with the extreme perseverance from President of the United States. NATO should have dismissed the request for assault and involvement for it was clearly illegal. It’s perpetrators showed total disregard for Article One of the NATO Charter, which incorporates by reference the United Nations Charter, Chapter One, Article Two, Sections Three, Four and Seven. These sections make it clear that NATO’s role is to be purely defensive. The aggression that NATO has undertaken did not come from or with approval of the UN Security Council, which NATO’s Charter clearly states numerous times that the UN Security Council will convene and approve of any such matter or action. It is a brutal violation of NATO’s Charter and of all principles of international law.
Another area of this paper I want to mention is the lack of help Bosnians received during this war torn time. The U.N. did not want to intervene till, in my opinion, it was too late. This is touched upon in each of the materials covered. 1993, the United Nations (UN) Security Council declared that Sarajevo, Gorazde, Srebrenica and other Muslim enclaves were to be safe areas, protected by a contingent of UN peacekeepers, which we read about in “Safe Area Gorazde” which we know that was a joke in its self
International organizations such as NATO and the UN are essential not only for global peace, but also as a place where middle powers can exert their influence. It is understandable that since the inception of such organizations that many crises have been averted, resolved, or dealt with in some way thro...
On October 3rd, 1993, a joint task force of Army Rangers and Delta Rangers were dispatched into the war torn slums of an uncontrolled United Nations section of the city Mogadishu, Somalia. The mission that day was only supposed to last at most an hour, but ended after a day of nonstop gunfights. When the initiative was lost, that’s when hell broke loose and prevented this mission from going according to plan and causing a disaster.
The genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina marked the first genocide in Europe since the Holocaust during the Second World War. Bosnia-Herzegovina was originally from the former Yugoslav republic. It became an independent state in 1992. After the death of communist ruler Josip Broz Tito the country fell under oppression. Religion played a significant part in the animosity of religious hatred between religions. Bosnian citizens were identified as either Orthodox Serb, Catholic Croatians, or Bosnian Muslims. The citizens of Bosnia all spoke the same language, had more or less the same Slavonic tongue, but their written language and cultures reflected their religious affiliations. Those who did not follow any religious preference during the war were affiliated with their religious backgrounds. Age old ethnic-religious conflicts resurfaced after the separation of Yugoslavia. The separation created an ethnic-religious battle predominantly between the Christian Orthodox Serbs and the Bosnian Muslims. Acts of violence require legitimation, and religion and religious leaders can provide such legitimation (Hasenclever and Rittberger 642). Mythologies were used to religiously motivated and justify violence and to ensure loyalty of Serbian troops and civilians. Associating religion as ones race would turn religious nationalism into the most violent form of racialist ideology. The use of religion helped persuade genocidaires to torture, rape, and murder the Muslim population. The Serbian mission was to exterminate the Muslim population and to gain complete control of Bosnia. The manipulation of religious representatives, symbols, rituals, and testaments played a significant role in the ethnic-religious genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which claimed t...
In 1998, the autonomous region of Kosovo inside Serbia was being torn apart. The entire Kosovo War had many key actors. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (consisted of Serbia and Montenegro) wanted to claim the region as theirs but not without the opposition of the Croats (Croatia). The two main bellig...
According to Seybolt, in March 1999, NATO launched Operation Allied Forces, which was a coercive bombing campaign over Kosovo and the rest of Serbia1. The purpose of the massive seventy eight day bombing campaign was to force the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to end the repression of Kosovo's predominantly ethnic Albanian population and to accept NATO's terms for the resolution of Kosovo's future political status. The concept of humanitarian intervention is highly contested but it is defined by Wise to be the threat or use of force across state borders by a state (or a group of states) aimed at preventing widespread and grave violations of fundamental human rights of individuals other than its own citizens, without the permission of the state within whose territory force is applied. In legal terms, NATO as a regional arrangement may intervene in respect of international peace and security, provided that actions it undertakes are consistent with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter2. This is according to article 53 of the UN Charter.
The war that happened in Bosnia was a terrible crime. The Serbs took over land and killed innocent civilians. All the Bosnians wanted was the right to have freedom, and the Serbs took that away from them. Many were affected by this cruel war, which has changed people’s perspectives on things. “Television and newspapers show us the pictures: the destruction, the injured survivors, the dead.We rarely get glimpses of survivors st...
Croatia and Bosnia, previous allies, began open warfare. Croatia and Serbia both wanted control of Bosnia. Bosnia was also largely Muslim. Acts of genocide were reported by all sides during the Yugoslavian conflicts. However, at this time genocide became more common. Serbian military groups engaged in widespread genocide against the Muslim Bosnians. This sparked the increased involvement of the United Nations and NATO. In 1994, the United States brokered peace between Croatia and Bosnia. Despite the fact that both Croatia and Serbia were invading Bosnia, conflict continued between Croatia and Serbia in what is known as Croatia-Krajina War. Then in 1995, NATO began airstrikes against Serbia, forcing them to negotiate for peace. At the end of 1995, the Dayton agreement was signed ending the conflict. It also granted the Serbians inside of Bosnia and mostly autonomous region, called Republika Srpska, inside of
The conflict between the Albanians and Serbs has been a continual issue since the fourteenth century. Ethnic conflicts rose again after the death of Tito who was the leader of Yugoslavia. Tito set up a national Yugoslav government and let the five Slavic nationalities (Serb, Croat, Slovene, Montenegrin, and Macedonian) govern their own part of Yugoslavia which suppressed any ethnic fighting (Andryszewski 14). After the death of Tito in 1980, ethnic conflicts began to come to surface again. Slobodan Milosevic gave a speech to the Serbs in Kosovo saying that “No one will dare to beat you again” (Andryszweski 18). In 1991, Croatia and Slovenia declared their independence from Yugoslavia which led to the outbreak of war since the Serb-dominated central government wanted to preserve the state. In 1995, the Dayton Peace Settlement was signed to end the war and Yugoslavia broke apart ove...
The end of the Cold War brought with it a surge in the prominence of humanitarian intervention as a subject of debate in the study of international relations (Atack 2005: 125). Humanitarian intervention, at its core, is an incredibly problematic phenomenon, clashing with various IR schools of thought, compromising international law and questioning the ethical standards of international actors (Fixdal & Smith 1998: 284). This essay will address what makes humanitarian intervention so contentious. The first half will address the implications of humanitarian intervention on international law, whilst the second half will take an ethical approach, applying the Just War Theory to the 1999 NATO bombings on Yugoslavia (code name ‘Operation Allied
Philips, Matthew. "A Reader's Best Friend." Newsweek 148.24 (2006): 14. Military & Government Collection. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.