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How Marxism affects sport
How Marxism affects sport
How Marxism affects sport
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China has been known for their medal winning athletes and Olympic success throughout history. This large communistic country carries with it a reputation of being harsh on its athletes and it begs the question, what exactly have they done to become one of the most athletically successful countries in the world and just how far will they go? “China’s methods would not be allowed elsewhere”(11) says British athlete, Joanna Parker. Although they often take home the gold at the Olympics, they have a very Soviet style sports system which involves harsh training where children are recruited at early ages and taken from their homes. Despite China’s success, the sports system has a negative impact on the athletes’ lives before, during and after their careers, because of intense training regimens that sometimes lead to health issues, lack of focus on education, isolation and pressure placed on athletes by the coaches and government. Until recent years, China actually had a rocky Olympic history. They rarely won medals and were often behind in the overall medal count. However, in the 1980’s, after decades of humiliating defeat by the Americans, China adopted their controversial sports training system(Bletchly); They have climbed up the ladder and have become one of the top countries due to the intense training regimens their athletes must undergo. In past Olympics, China has always put pressure on its athletes to win, but they were never quite good enough overall; There were some sports where its athletes excelled and others such as rowing which needed significant improvement. For the past thirty years or so, China has been working to improve its athletic performance and bring home glory. Glory: High renown, honor, or praise given to som... ... middle of paper ... ...Apr. 2014. 12. Price, S. L. "Faster, Stronger, Richer." Sports Illustrated 109.8 (2008): 172. MAS Complete. Web. 5 May 2014. 13. Smith, Michael D. "Project 119 Didn't Work Despite China's Gold Lead." - The New York Sun. - The New York Sun, 22 Aug. 2008. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. 14. Sosinsky-Semikhat, Yuri. "China's Olympic Triumphs Based On Terrible Pain." Web log post.English Pravda.ru. N.p., 8 Mar. 2012. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. 15. By TALEK HARRIS in Hong, Kong. "China Giant `Bred To Win'." Northern Territory News (Includes Sunday Territorian) (n.d.): Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. 16. The Week Staff. "China's Olympics Training Program: Abusive?" The Week. The Week, 2 Aug. 2012. Web. 06 Apr. 2014. 17. Yanping, Li, and Wing-Gar Cheng. "Olympic Dream Helps Chinese Kids Beat Pain in Drive for London." Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg, 24 Aug. 2008. Web. 14 Apr. 2014.
In 2010 after the International Gymnastics Federation determined that gymnast Don Fangxiao had falsified her age to 14, this is an example that China has been entering younger athletes in the Games. Using younger, but world-class, gymnasts is an advantage because their small bodies in earlier stages of puberty can pull off bigger tricks in the air. The U.S. has tried to prove that the chinese gymnasts are younger then they say but the paperwork to prove anything has been changed to expertly for anything to be proven. The U.S. even had former world star athletes look at China's gymnasts and they agree that they look way younger then they
Posnanki, Joe. “To Hall With These Guys?.” Sports Illustrated 115.4 (2011): 14. MAS Ultra – School Edition. Web. 20 Feb. 2014.
Walters, Guy. Berlin Games: How the Nazis Stole the Olympic Dream. New York: William Morrow, 2006. Print.
As the base of this essay is on how the Olympics have been used in the
Worsnop, Richard L. "Pro Sports Big Challenge." Editorial Research Reports 9 Feb. 1990, Vol. 1, No. 6, pp. 82-94
ABSTRACT: The purity of the Olympics has been smeared by scandal, corruption, boycotts, political disputes and even acts of terrorism. Sadly, politics have taken control of the Olympics and turned it into a political and money-making extravaganza. Olympic boycotts became a way for countries to protest each other. Hitler tried to use the Games to prove his belief of racial superiority. Wars interfered with the Olympics. Bloodshed even covered the Olympics, in the 1972 Munich Games where terrorists killed eleven Israeli Olympic members. Unfortunately, throughout Olympic history, politics have overshadowed the true focus of the Games. They were "intended to unite the countries of the world through friendly competition" not segregate them through politics (Siggers 1).
The Cold War of the 20th century is seen by many to be a war fought in order to spread the ideologies of the world’s two major powers, the Soviet Union and the United States. In order to successfully spread their communist ideals, the Soviet Union had to show to the world that their system was working better than the capitalist ideals of the West and the United States. In their attempt to do so, the Soviet Union used various methods of propaganda and persuasion to convince the outside world that their economy and people were flourishing under their communist system. One of these methods was through international sport. The Soviets built strong sports programs, mainly their prized hockey team and Olympic program, to assert their world power
...ws. July 1, 1996: 38+. Sports. Eleanor Goldstein. Vol. 5. Boca Raton: SIRS, 1996. Art. 13.
Print. The. Jane Laing, ed., pp. 113-117. Chronicle of the Olympics, 1896-1996. New York: DK Pub., 1996.
In the article, it states, “At the London Games, the cost of the opening ceremonies alone was a whopping 42.3 billion” (Retrosi 2). This information is interesting but completely irrelevant to discovering cruelty in the Olympics. In this article, the complications of funding are also discussed, “America’s best athletes are almost entirely dependent on corporate sponsorships. For the athletes, the consequences of this addiction can be disastrous” (Retrosi 3). This statement shows off problems for athletes in the US, but still doesn’t detail any cruelty from the Olympics, because the Olympics has no control over how countries handle their athletes. Samantha Retrosi also mentions the US Army World Class Athletes Program, “ Today’s luge athletes have had to look elsewhere for support, with many having little choice but to join the US Army World Class Athletes Program … Apparently, one must be willing to enlist- and possibly fight and die for one’s country- in order to cover the expenses of international competition” (Retrosi 3). Once again, Samantha Retrosi’s statement has little to do with the Olympic Games and more to do with the way America handles its athletes. Therefore, Samantha Retrosi’s argument is significantly lacking because of the abundance of irrelevant information.
In the preparation stage, a comprehensive consideration of the research question and method is demanded. There are three reasons for choosing this particular topic: related materials, selection criteria and background information. An issue is raised by the BBC video in 2012: countries could popularize national identity through hosting the Olympics. Moreover, according to Kumar (2012), correlative elements should be considered in selecting research questions such as enthusiasm and relevance. On the basis of this criterion, I am interested in China because I am a Chinese and have adequate background knowledge of this country. In addition to the image of drumming performance in the Beijing opening ceremony, China is determined as the object in researching the connection between the Olympics and national identity of host countries. Additionally, due to the background information provided in The 2008 Beijing Olympics Opening Ceremony: visual insights into China’s soft power, the research question is narrowed down to the opening ceremony in the 2008 Beijing Olympics. It is stated by Chen, Colapinto and Luo (2012) that the Chinese believe the opening ceremony is an especially important part to demonstrate China’s excellence. This illustrates the significance of the opening ceremony in Beijing Olympics. Besides, negative events such as the riots in Tibet and the earthquake in Sichuan happened in early 2008 (Chen, Colapinto and Luo 2012). Therefore, the opening ceremony is under an obligation to convey a positive concept to the public. Furthermore, Chen, Colapinto and Luo (2012) also stated that ‘Harmony and Peace’, ‘Unity’ and ‘Power and Innovation’ were themes at the Beijing opening ceremony. These factors contribute to comprehending the expression of China’s national identity through the performances at the opening ceremony. For instance, as Luo
Since the first Olympic Games in 1896 winning the Olympics meant more than just a medal, it showed the power that the winning country possesses. Although the Olympics are meant to show peaceful amiability between all counties, geopolitics is still a factor in the Olympics. The International Olympic Committee President states “sport can only contribute to development and peace if it’s not used as a stage for political contest, have the courage to address your disagreements in a peaceful direct political dialogue and not on the backs of athletes.” Many historians ask if geopolitics was a factor in the Olympics during the Cold War era. The answer isn’t an opinion; geopolitics has never been absent in the Olympics and that is especially true for the Cold War. The Cold War was a battle for political power that will dominates the rest of the world. The idea that this was a battle for power explains the arms race, Korean War, Vietnam War and the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan. Logically, this need to upstage the opposing super power leaked into international sports competition. With all this competition whirling around during the Cold War, the Olympics became a literal race against communism or democracy. As geopolitics played such a major role in the Olympics during the Cold War era, athletes’ fates were ultimately altered.
Brown, Lester R. Who Will Feed China? Wake-Up Call for a Small Planet. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1995.
Introduction Today, the Olympic Games are the world's largest pageant of athletic skill and competitive spirit. They are also displays of nationalism, commerce and politics. Well-known throughout the world the games have been used to promote understanding and friendship among nations, but have also been a hotbed of political disputes and boycotts. The Olympic games started thousands of years ago and lasted over a millennium.. The symbolic power of the Games lived on after their demise, and came to life again as the modern Olympic Games being revived in the last century. Both the modern and Ancient Olympics have close similarities in there purpose and in there problems.
Sports started more for entertainment, however, its growth has transformed it into one of the biggest industries in the world fighting to be the most powerful and profitable (Pederson 2011). There has been the advocacy for women’s opportunity, the extension of marketing recruitments, and the redefinition of international sports giving poorer countries the chance to host global events due to their economic growth in recent years (Pederson