A biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease is known as a vaccine. A vaccine contains an agent that would stimulate the body’s immune system. The immune system will recognize the agent as “foreign” and destroy it, once destroyed, the body will keep a record of it so the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters. The agent in the vaccine, resembling a disease-causing microorganism, is often made from a weakened or killed form of the microbe, toxin, or one of its surface proteins (6). Vaccines have no guarantee that it will bring complete protection for a disease. This is mainly because the host’s immune system simply does not respond enough, if not at all. The response could be due to factors such as age, or conditions such as diabetes or HIV. Another factor, because the host’s immune system may not have the B-cells that can generate antibodies to the specific antigen introduced by the vaccine. The production techniques of these vaccines are evolving along with delivery systems. However, the focus should be on the manufacturing of each individual vaccine that will go to different patients, so that each vaccine produced is safe and of high quality.
The process of producing a new vaccine involves many sequential steps. Each of these steps requires a certain amount of time to complete. Therefore, the process would need about five to six months for the first supplies of approved vaccine to become available (7). For example, vaccines for a new strain of virus (influenza) with pandemic potential become identified and isolated then manufactured into a vaccine. The vaccine development process for the influenza vaccine starts with obtaining a sample ...
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2. "Cutter Laboratories." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 19 Mar. 2014. Web. 25 Mar. 2014.
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4. "How Vaccines Are Made — History of Vaccines." History of Vaccines RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2014.
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Currently, there is no official vaccine that is being used to protect patients against C. diff. Vaccines are currently being developed which targets the specific proteins of the organism that is essential for vaccine development. 5 These proteins produce an immune response when introduced to a host. 5 There are also recent clinical trials that have shown strains of C. diff that only produce toxin B exist and that developing an antitoxin B may be used in defense of an infection. 5 Researchers have also developed vaccine that contains purified versions of toxin A and B. Patients injected with this vaccine had a significant rise of antitoxins during the 30th day of the vaccination regimen. Although this vaccine did not create any adverse reaction and was deemed safe by the researchers it is still under clinical trial. 5
The authors used a historical timeline to introduce a need. Stressing the number of lives lost allows the authors show the importance of vaccines. The repeated emphasis on those lives being the lives of children played on the emotions of readers. Once the need is established Lee and Carson-Dewitt clarify the use of “a dead or mild form of a virus” to create a vaccine (Lee, Carson-Dewitt, 2016, p.2). The distinction of the types of
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 15 Feb. 2012. Web. 20 Feb. 2014.
The article’s information is presented with the goal of informing a reader on vaccines. The evidence is statistical and unbiased, showing data on both side effects and disease prevention, providing rates of death and serious illness from both sides. This evidence is sourced from a variety of medical organizations and seems reliable, logical, and easily understood, no language that would inspire an emotional response is used. The validity of studies is not mentioned in the article, but it does encourage readers to investigate further to help make a decision. The article allows a reader to analyze the presented evidence and come to their own
However due to globalization, import and export viruses is more easily transmitted. Over the past century the global community especially Asian has been affected with new strains of the influenza virus. The changes in the virus can occur in two ways “antigenic drift” which are gradual changes in the virus over time. This change produces new strains that the antibody may not recognize. “Antigenic shift” On the other is a sudden change in the influenza virus which ‘’ results in a new influenza A subtype or a virus with a hemagglutinin or a hemagglutinin and neuraminidase combination that has emerged from an animal population,” as seen with H5N1 virus. This change leaves people defenseless against this new virus. (CDC, 2013) Currently there is no vaccine to combat all strains therefore “Planning and preparedness for implementing mitigation strategies during a pandemic requires participation by all levels o...
Current influenza vaccines are about 70% to 90% effective in preventing influenza in healthy adults. Since the vaccines are made of dead fragments of influenza viruses, they cannot cause influenza. The strains of influenza that circulate change every year and therefore, it is necessary to make a new influenza vaccine annually. After vaccination, the body's immune system produces antib... ... middle of paper ... ...
US Enviromental Protection Agency. (2010, December 13). Retrieved January 20, 2011, from US EPA Human Health: http://cfpub.epa.gov/eroe/index.cfm?fuseaction=list.listByChapter&ch=49
There are many but I’m going to explain to you the different types that have been created especially for the specific virus or bacteria they are meant to prevent. There are live, attenuated vaccines this type of vaccine contains a version of the living virus that is weakened so that it cannot cause the disease in people with healthy immune systems. (Measles Mumps, Rubella MMR, Varicella are examples.) Inactivated Vaccines is the next type these are made of inactivated or dead viruses with these though multiple doses are often required to build up immunity. (Polio Vaccine is an example.) Toxoid Vaccines are made of weakened toxins that would be released by the causative bacteria. (DTap, Diptheria, Tetanus are all Toxoids.) Subunit Vaccines only include part of the virus or bacteria not the whole germ. (Pertussis Vaccine is an example.) Conjugate Vaccines are made to fight against bacteria that have antigens with an outer coating which disguises itself making it hard to be fought off by a person with a weakened immune system. (Hib Vaccine is an
... U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of
“Selecting the Viruses in the Seasonal Influenza (Flu) Vaccine.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. USA.gov, 9 March 2011. Web. 19 Jan. 2010
How Do Vaccines Work? How Do Vaccines Work? Department of Health, Jan. 2011. Web. The Web.
... because of the need to fight back against infectious diseases. As vaccine development progresses into the 21st century, it’s important to build on the experience and knowledge generated in the past, in an effort to surpass the limita-tions that currently hamper the development of new and more effective vaccine technologies.
For many years before the development of vaccines, it was known that after recovery from certain diseases some people would not become infected when exposed to it again. This course by which a person is protected from certain diseases after natural infection is termed active immunity. The person is protected since the immune system remembers the past infection and reacts quickly when it comes across the issue again. Yet, for diseases that can be life-threatening, attaining immunity in this way entails running the risk of death upon the first encounter. Even for non life-threatening diseases, a lot of infections carry a risk of grave complications after recovery and so it would be preferable to obtain immunity without taking unwarranted risks. Active immunity by way of vaccination presents a much safer alternative (Childhood Vaccinations: Understanding Vaccines, 2006).
Immunisation or vaccination is a very effective and safe form of medicine used to prevent severe diseases occurring from viruses and other infectious organisms and increase the amount of protective antibodies. It is given by drops in the mouth or injecting a person with a dead or modified disease-causing agent, in order for the person to become immune to that disease.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rep. N.p., 26 Sept. 2013. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.