BEHAVIORISM
Classical conditioning is a type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another. It can also be known as respondent conditioning. The stimulus is any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds. The components of classical conditioning are as follows: Unconditioned response (UR) which is a response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning. Unconditioned Stimulus (US) which elicits a specific unconditioned response without prior learning. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) which is a neutral stimulus that after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response. Conditioned response (CR) which is a learned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus as a result of its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.
Operant conditioning is a type of learning that has the consequences of behavior that are manipulated so as to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an entirely new response. The process will being with an operant which is the voluntary behavior and accidentally brings about some kind of consequence. Then there is the reinforcement. The reinforcement is the consequence that increases the frequency of an operant. The punisher is the one that decreases an operants frequency.
There have been several contributions to the psychological field from several different doctors and their experiments. The first we are going to visit is Ivan Pavlov. His discoveries were accidental. Initially Pavlov was always conducting experiments that were related to the psychology of digestion. While doing this he noticed that saliva was collec...
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... it comes to what theory I believe is most accurate in describing human learning, it would have to be observational learning. I think this is so because you always hear that people are a product of their environment, and it works in both a negative and a positive manner. It is like saying that the negative produces the negative and the negative can also produce a positive. Once someone sees the consequences of how their life will turn out depending on what steps they take, then it is up to them to make the choice. Life for people learning about how to live, does not have to be a history repeating itself cycle. It can be making a better life, if they make the right decision.
References
Wood, Samuel E., Ellen R. Green. Wood, and Denise Roberts. Boyd. "Chapter 4/Consciousness." Mastering the World of Psychology. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson, 2013. 115-35. Print.
The two main forms of conditioning, are classical conditioning (learning by association), and operant condition (learning from consequences).Classical conditioning, is the learning process in which one is conditioned (learns) to respond to a neutral stimulus as if it were a meaningful stimulus. In operant conditioning, learning occurs through associations made between a behavior and the consequence that follows.
Operant conditioning is changing behavior through the use of reinforcement after the desired action is given; a behavior that is rewarded positively is more likely to continue and a behavior that is rewarded negatively would likely stop occurring (Santrock,2014). In addition to reinforcement, Skinner also talks about punishment. Reinforcement increases the probability an action or behavior will be repeated, while punishment is intended to decrease a behavior (McLeod, 2015). When Laurie was younger, she thought she was being sent to school every day to socialize with her friends and that learning was a secondary, unintentional happenstance. In third grade, compared to the other students in her class, she was falling short in reading and math.
“Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior” (Cherry). Positive reinforcement which is praising a person for doing something good verses negative reinforcement which is an unpleasant remark a punishment. B.F. Skinner did an experiment on a rat, the rat was taught to push two buttons, one to receive food and the other was a light electric shock. The rat tried both buttons and realized which button was good and which one was bad. This experiment goes to show that upon the rewards and punishment system one can learn their rights from their wrongs through a series of lessons. Kincaid and Hemingway both use operant conditioning to show human behavior under stimulus control.
In order to do so, I shall be looking at different sources and reviewing various definitions and interpretations of consciousness and distinguishing the methods approached to the study of the topic in the way it is measured.
Recall, classical conditioning is a type of learning that involves a certain behavior receiving the same response. Catalina could have obtained her routine through this way of learning. Let’s say the unconditioned stimulus was her situation she was in her sophomore year. Catalina was dealing with mistreatment by an adult while being bombarded with loads of school work. Her unconditioned response was to deal with the bullying and not worry about school because it was not a priority. After the circumstances were taken care of, she knew how to let certain situations come before academics. School no longer was important to her and she could create a conditioned stimulus, where her life was filled with friends, boys, and sports. She had learned how to respond, and that was to allow everything else to consume her time and energy, this was her conditioned response. Catalina sometimes finds herself falling back into that rhythm of letting academics fade into the background, but she has been attempting change. Classical conditioning can help her achieve this goal. My first plan is to create an unconditioned stimulus. This stimulus will be in the form of an essay assignment. Catalina’s class will be told that one page of the essay will be due each day to be certain it isn’t being avoided. The unconditioned response will be to finish the page of the essay. Catalina could procrastinate and wait to get it done in class, but the final paper wouldn’t be due till the end of the week. As the teacher continues this request, it becomes a conditional stimulus, which creates the conditioned response of completing one part of the assignment each day. This plan will teach Catalina how much easier an important task can be accomplished when the work is distributed throughout the days before homework is
In Psychology there are many different learning styles. One of the more famous learning styles is operant conditioning. In operant conditioning there are two major concepts; reinforcement and punishment. By using these two concepts, behaviors can be encouraged or reduce a certain behavior. Next would be the different schedules of reinforcement that effect how often a behavior is likely to continue. Lastly the article goes on to state how behaviors can be shaped using these and other various methods.
Operant conditioning is a type of learning where a person is taught that specific actions are related to specific consequences. The main goal of using this type of conditioning is to encourage the individual to change his or her behavior in some way. Specifically, the individual can be encouraged to perform a desired behavior more often through use of positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement, and he or she can also be encouraged to perform an undesired behavior less often through use of positive punishment and negative punishment. Positive reinforcement is basically a type of operant conditioning in which an addition or reward is given to the individual when he or she has displayed the desired behavior, and as a result, the behavior
Renner, T., Feldman, R., Majors, M., Morrissey, J., & Mae, L. (2011). States of Consciousness. Psychsmart (pp. 99-107). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Operant conditioning is a kind of conditioning, which examines how often a behavior will or occur depending on the effects of the behavior (King, 2016, pg. ). The words positive and negative are used to apply more significance to the words reinforcement or punishment. Positive is adding to the stimulus, while negative is removing from the stimulus (King, 2016). For instance, with positive reinforcement, there is the addition of a factor to increase the number of times that the behavior occurs (King, 2016). An example of positive reinforcement is when a child is given an allowance for completing their household chores. The positive reinforcement is the allowance which helps to increase the behavior of doing chores at home. In contrast with negative
Learning in its most basic form is our minds associating one thing with another. Digging deeper reveals that there are trends in how human beings and animals learn by association, usually this is done by a brain connecting one event to another. The two different ways a brain tends to learn is through either classical conditioning or operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is learning to associate one stimulus with another stimulus, and Operant Conditioning is learning by associating a response or behavior with a consequence. Knowing how people and animals learn is an important piece of knowledge if one is to help benefit the greater good.
Made famous by Pavlov, classical conditioning pairs a neutral simulis with one that produces a response to get a conditioned response (Ormrod, 2012, pp. 34-35). Pavlov experiments with dogs is one of the perfect example of classical conditioning, the other perfect example is Watson demonstration with little Albert and the white furry rat. In both demonstrations the neutral stimuli became a conditioned response. It important to note that in classical conditioning the learner is passive, absorbind and automatically racting to a stimuli (Papalia & Feldman, 2010, p.
I. Introduction of classical conditioning Classical conditioning also called as Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning. It is a kind of learning a new behavior through association that when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and evokes a conditioned response (CR). It also is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus (Cherry, 2014). Classical conditioning has much strength such as can help to explain all aspects of human behavior and many of advertisers will use classical conditioning to advertise their produces, however it also have some weaknesses such as all classical conditioning responses must involve a reflex and classical conditioning is a completely physical process, learning is not important as reflected in scenario. This paper will talk about the strengths and the weaknesses of classical conditioning theory followed by a brief description of the scenario and the strengths and weaknesses of applying classical conditioning on it.
Koch, C., & Tononi, G. (2011). A Test for Consciousness . Scientific American, 304, 44-47.
Ivan Pavlov a famous Russian Psychologist developed the principles of classical conditioning in which we will discuss, what exactly classical conditioning is the examples are of classical conditioning and how it may apply to child rearing. Classical Conditioning- A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about the response. The demonstration of Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov would conduct his experiment using a dog.
Operant conditioning is a system of learning that transpires through punishment and rewards for behaviors (Kalat, 2011). Through this, a connection linking a behavior and a consequence is made. For instance a kid could be told that she will not get recess privileges if she talks in class. This possibility of being punished leads to decrease in disruptive behaviors from her. The major components of operant condition are punishment and reinforcement (Kalat, 2011).