Critically evaluating the extent to which patient’s beliefs influence their experience and response to health care.
Our personal beliefs influence our health behavior either positively or negatively. Health beliefs have been linked to uptake and have been measured using a number of models. For example, Bish et al. (2000) used the health belief model (HBM) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to predict uptake of a routine cervical smear test.
Personal models refer to patients’ representations of their illness, and include knowledge, beliefs, experiences and emotions concerning their health condition (Petrie & Weinman, 1997; Skelton & Croyle, 1991). Within self-regulation theory, they are assumed to play an important role in determining a person’s response to a health threat and their subsequent health-related behaviour (Leventhal, Leventhal, & Contrada, 1998; Leventhal, Nerenz, & Steele, 1984). Consistent with self-regulation theory, personal models of diabetes have been shown to be predictive of diet and, to a lesser extent, exercise self-management among older people with diabetes (Hampson, 1997a).
The association between health beliefs and intentions or actual performance of health behaviours has been examined extensively within the theoretical framework of social cognitive models such as the Health Belief Model (e.g. Rosenstock, 1974), and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (e.g. Ajzen, 1985). These theoretical approaches have a number of overlapping constructs (Norman & Conner, 1996), and personal models also have similarities with elements of social cognition theories. However, personal models are unique in that they are empirically based, originating in studies of patients. Focusing on Illness cognition within the con...
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Patient satisfaction surveys have been in debate being that the concept of ‘patient satisfaction’ is not clear and because this term means something different to everyone (Junewicz & Youngner, 2015). However, Junewicz and Younger (2015) discuss how these surveys can improve aspects of a patient’s care such as humanism, communication, safety, and confidentiality. The part that is still not covered is that these aspects patient satisfaction has no clear relationship with the technical quality of healthcare such as nosocomial infections, surgical complications, and readmission rates (Junewicz & Youngner, 2015).
This essay will demonstrate how health psychology can aid nurses in caring for patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It will look at how stigma can impact on the behaviour of patients with HIV as well as explain causes for non adherence. Health psychology studies thoughts, emotions and behaviours related to health and illness. It uses a biopsychosocial approach which considers all aspects of a person's life. Health psychology allows nurses to have a better understanding of how patients perceive health, what influences health risk behaviours and what prompts people to adopt healthy behaviours (Ogden, 2012a). The health belief model (HBM), which was developed in 1966 by Rosenstock, is used as a way of explaining why people choose to use health protection behaviours (Pitts and Phillips, 1998). For the purpose of this essay the HBM will be applied to HIV to demonstrate how it can explain why some people choose not to use condoms.
Health belief model is becoming aware of threat, if a person does not see a healthcare behavior as risky or threatening there is no encouragement to act. For example, when Sabrina swims at their summer lake every day, she doesn’t realize that she is at risk of skin cancer and will most likely to continue to swim at the infected lake. According to several search, there are two main types of perceived threats such as perceived susceptibility and perceived severity. Susceptibility refers to how much risk a person perceives he or she has. On the other hand, severity refers to how serious the consequences might be to effectively change health behaviors, most people however usually believe in both susceptibility and severity. Because both susceptibly
Aim of this paper is to examine and present the application of social cognition models in the prediction and alternation of health behavior. Social cognition models are used in health practices in order to prevent illness or even improve the health state of the individuals in interest, and protect their possibly current healthy state. This essay is an evaluation of the social cognition models when used to health behaviors. Unfortunately it is impossible to discuss extensively all the models and for this reason we will analyze three of the most representative cognitive models to present an integrated idea of their application.
Patient-centered care is a broad topic that can be discussed on a daily basis within the healthcare world. Patient-centered care is when healthcare providers and facilities provide care that is respectful to the patient’s preferences, needs and values. It can also be described as physicians who practice patient-centered care can improve their patients’ clinical outcomes and satisfaction rates by improving the quality of the doctor-patient relationship, while at the same time decreasing the utilization of diagnostic testing, prescriptions, hospitalizations, and referrals (Rickett, 2013). Unfortunately, ideal patient-centered care is hard to come by, especially in all 50 states because there is a shortage of money and proper resources needed
As I have created my theory and began its evaluation, the substantive foundation and structural integrity have been challenged. It is this point in the creation of a philosophy that these two categories come into light in order to review the theory as a whole. However, the functional adequacy portion of theory evaluation is continually at play. As time progresses, does my theory continue to be relevant and useful? Is this philosophy equally as useful across different situations? Is it actually helping anyone receive better care? While evaluating functional adequacy, it is possible - imperative even - to include patients in the ongoing evaluation process. Patients can give input on care in the form of pre and post-visit questionnaires, narrative interviews, and feedback forms. If this philosophy is successful when put into practice, my patients will feel as though their care was positive and tailored to their
Today, many Americans face the struggle of the daily hustle and bustle, and at times can experience this pressure to rush even in their medical appointments. Conversely, the introduction of “patient-centered care” has been pushed immensely, to ensure that patients and families feel they get the medical attention they are seeking and paying for. Unlike years past, patient centered care places the focus on the patient, as opposed to the physician.1 The Institute of Medicine (IOM) separates patient centered care into eight dimensions, including respect, emotional support, coordination of care, involvement of the family, physical comfort, continuity and transition and access to care.2
Lets make it quite clear that change doesn’t happen overnight nor is it ever a process easy. To make a proper and healthy life-style behavior change, you must be dedicated to put in the time and effort that’s necessary for accomplish any goal. When I first began to become engage in exercising and becoming more physically fit I found that the Health Belief Model and the Social Cognitive Theory demonstrated the progression that I have made throughout my change. To begin you do not need to try and follow through the steps provided in any given model or a theory, the reasoning behind that statement is that everyone is different so our stages of change will all differ from one another. For me, once I decided that I wanted to begin attending group-fitness classes I found that through the Health Belief Model I had to understand the perceived benefits of my change, I had to
Behavior is an important keyword when discussing health promotion theories because lifestyle modification requires a change in beliefs and attitude. Many health promotion theories explain how behavior can enhance or deter a patients progress in health related activities. Nola Pender, a nursing theorist and educator, has developed the Health Promotion Model (HPM). The three main parts of the HPM ar...
The key concept of the health belief model includes threat perception (perceived threat), behavioral evaluation, self-efficacy and other variables. The threat perception has very great relevance in health-related behaviors. This perception are measured by perceived susceptibility (the beliefs about the likelihood of contacting a disease) and perceived severity (the feeling about the seriousness of contacting an illness and leaving it untreated). The behavioral evaluation is assessed by the levels of perceived benefits (the positive effects to be expected), perceived barriers (potential negative aspects of a health behavior), and cues to action (the strategies to activated one’s readiness). The self-efficacy key concept was not originally included in of the health belief model, and it was just added in 1998 to look at a person’s belief in his/her ability to take action in order to make a health related change. The other variables that are also the key concepts of the model include diverse demography, sociopsychology, education, and structure. These factors are variable from one to another and indirectly influence an individual’s health-related behavior because the factors influence the perception...
Accomplishing my task appeared straightforward when applying my attitudes, perceived control, and subjective norms to the Theory of Planned Behavior; initially I had all necessary aspects to initiate a lifestyle change. Before starting my regiment I had the belief that regular running leads to decreased weight and improves overall health. Health and appropriate body size are both characteristics I evaluate as desirable. Subjective cultural norms highlighting the value of appropriate weight, active lifestyle, and overall health influenced my motivation to comply to these standards. In this way beliefs as well as evaluations of the beliefs influenced my motivation to start running. Additionally my perception of behavioral control and sense of self-efficacy are generally high. Since I accomplished similar goals in the past I felt it could be done again. My attitudes, subjective norms, and my perceived control indicate I had the behavioral intention to make the change to run more frequently.
Health psychology is a relatively new concept rapidly growing and could be defined as the biological and psychological influences affect ones behaviour also bringing in social influences of health and illness (MacDonald, 2013). Biological determinants consider genetic and biological factors of an illness whereas psychological determinants focus on the psychological factors such as why people behave the way they do when dealing with issues such as anxiety and stress. Models such as the Health Belief Model and Locus of Control were developed in attempt to try and explain psychological issues around a chronic illness such as breast cancer (Ogden, 2012). Sociological factors can cause an enormous amount of pressure for one to behave in a certain way for example gender roles in society and religious considerations when dealing with health beliefs. Health Beliefs can be defined as one’s own perception to their own personal health and illness and health behaviours (Ogden, 2012). There are also theories and models used to explain pain and coping with diagnosis such as Moos and Schaefer (1984) Crisis theory and Shontz (1975) cycle of grief people go through when being diagnosed with a serious illness.
The constructs of the Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior are attitudes, subjective norms, volitional control, and behavioral control. All of these constructs affect a person’s intentions. Attitudes are beliefs that someone has that place a value on an outcome of a behavior. It depends on what a person’s feelings are about the behavior. For example, if a person views eating healthy as a good thing and something they want to do, then they will hav...
Dr. Mishel’s model describes the concepts as: “stimuli frame”, “cognitive capacities”, and “structure providers”, (Mishel, p.225, 1988). The first concept, stimuli frame, refers to the form, composition and structure of the stimuli that the person perceives and is composed of three components: symptom pattern, event familiarity and event congruency (McEwen & Wills, p.243, 2014). Here we examine the consistency of symptoms, regularity of occurrence and the consistence between what is expected and experienced. According to Mishel, the next two concepts, cognitive capacities and structure providers, influence the stimuli frame. When dealing with illness, there is often times an abundance of information being shared with the ill and those affected. At a certain point, individuals can become overload with information and reach their cognitive capacity, causing a decreased in the amount of information that can be processed, directly effecting the stimuli frame. Next, structure providers, are those ‘pillars’ in an individual’s health journey that provide education to enhance a person’s knowledge base, provide social support (friends, family, or spiritual support) and provide credible authority (knowledgeable, trustworthy healthcare personnel, such as doctors and nurses). Other concepts include appraisal, inference (danger or opportunity), illusion and coping mechanisms”