Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are the drugs that reduce the secretion of gastric (stomach) acid. These drugs were introduced in the United States in the late 1980s. They have emerged as the standard of treatment for most acid-related disorders which causes dyspepsia. These disorders include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which is marked by excessive amounts of gastric acid. “Proton pump inhibitors are also successfully used for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection and upper gastrointestinal bleeding” (Der, 2003, p. 182). They may also be used to protect the stomach against “the ulcerogenic effects” of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or corticosteroid drugs (Fallon, 2009, p. 1347). According to El-Serag and Talley, “dyspeptic symptoms affect up to 25% of the population of the US and non-ulcer dyspepsia (including gastritis) contributes to the diagnosis in about 50% of patients referred for upper endoscopy” (2004). PPIs are prescribed for long-term therapy of upper gastrointestinal conditions since 15 years. However, it is also observed that there is significant increase in the inappropriate use of these drugs.
There are five drugs in the class of proton pump indicators (PPIs). They are Esomeprazole (Nexium), Lansoprazole (Prevacid), Omeprazole (Prilosec), Pantoprazole (Protonix), and Rabeprazole (Aciphex). These drugs act by binding with the enzyme H+, K(+)-ATPase i.e. hydrogen/potassium adenosine triphosphate (Fallon, 2009, p. 1347). The function of proton pump inhibitors is similar to the histamine H-2 receptor blockers. “H-2 receptor blockers interfere with the action of histamine that signal stomach cells to produce acid. Proton pump inhibitors are ...
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Heidelbaugh, J. J., Kim, A. H., Chang, R., & Walker, P. C. (2012). Overutilization if proton- pump inhibitors: what the clinician needs to know. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology. 5(4), 222. doi: 10.1177/1756283X12437358. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14603076
Proton pump inhibitors. (2011, April). Harvard Health Publications. Retrieved from
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Uretsky, S. D., & Waun, J. (2011). Proton Pump Inhibitors. In L. J. Fundukian (Ed.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine (4th ed., Vol. 5, pp. 3603-3604). Detroit: Gale. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.hccc.edu:2074/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX1919601414&v=2.1&u= hudsoncc&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=5226dcf967ddded25bddf0a2443679f3
The hypothesis of the reaction, there was similarity by comparing the compound in case nitrogen was neutral and protonated. Table (1) illustrated that there was clearly different in the energy between two cases of that compound by 119 kJ/mole with basis set 6-311+G(d,p) and 128 kJ/mole with basis set 6-31 G(d) and similarly in level of theory(B3LYP). Therefore, the protonated nitrogen of the HALS molecule had higher energy than the neutral nitrogen through the potential energy of the reaction. Accordingly, the hypothesis that was reported becomes incorrect against to the calculation result found it from Gaussian program.
Patients were included in the trial if they met the following criteria: Patients that were in the ICU receiving proton pump inhibitors, either enteral or parenteral, regardless of frequency, dose or duration. The control group is H2 blockers by enteral or parental routes, regardless of frequency, dose or duration. Patients had to be considered critically ill and have at least one risk factor for stress ulcers. Exclusion criteria were based on evaluation of the randomized trials done many years ago. Trials that were eliminated were based on duplication, trials that were not relevant to research, trial involving pediatric population, quasi-randomized trials, abstract trials, and observational
The method to use protons such as medical treatment of cancer was proposed by Robert Whilson, who was fade American physicist, in 1946 (McDonald and Fitzek 2010, 257). He argued that the unique physical properties of protons are relevant to utilize this radiation techology in medicine. The principle of the proton beam therapy consists in the appreciable mass of protons than other particles; as a result, the beam slightly broaden and stays focused on the c...
Some indigestion and heartburn medications can suppress the production of stomach acid, which is needed to absorb vitamin B12.
Antacids are the oldest most effective known medications for treating heartburn.4 An antacid is used to neutralize hydrochloric acid, the gastric acid found inside the stomach. When the hydrochloric acid backs up out of the stomach and into the esophagus it causes heart burn.1 The antacids contain a mixture of weak bases such as magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2, aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3, and calcium carbonate CaCO3.The weak base in the antacid neutralizes the hydrochloric acid and relieves heart burn.4
People do not particularly enjoy things that don't taste or seem very good. Gastroenterologists should allow patients to pick and choose out of the medicines that best fit to their needs. The physician should always allow the choice as a possibility though in case it is necessary.
Choice “B” is not the best answer. Chronic gastric outlet obstruction can result in antral dilation which increases acetylcholine levels. Elevated levels of acetylcholine then can cause parietal cells to produce hydrochloric acid and interacts with G-cells to enhance gastrin secretion. However, Gastrin levels typically do not approach those seen in ZES and a secretin stimulation test is negative in these patients.
The purpose of this study is to review current research on treatments for idiopathic gastroparesis as well as address other treatment options that are discussed in the clinical setting, but are not found in the bulk of research available to the
Gut baths can be used to produce quantitative responses and convert those responses to chemical or electrical stimulations by the use of an isometric transducer and these stimulations are shows on a computer. Agonists are compounds that produce a response when administered to a particular tissue. The response that are recorded are directly proportional to the concentration of drug administered. Antagonists are compounds that interact with a set of receptors and form a complex, but no response is elicited. When an effective concentration of the antagonist is administered, this complex prevents the agonist from binding to the receptor and can therefore reduce the agonist response (Dale et al., 2012). The agonist, carbachol and antagonist, atropine are used to show the different responses that is has on a rat ileum. Carbachol is a cholinergic agonist as it binds to muscarinic and nicotinic receptors for acetylcholine and stimulates them, causing a smooth muscle contraction. It is not absorbed well in the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Atropine is non-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist and is absorbed well in the gastrointestinal tract. It is a reversible competitive antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and blocks the effects of carbachol, the agonist occupancy at a given agonist concentration is reduced as the receptor can only accommodate one molecule at a time (Dale et al., 2012). The aim of
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a gastrointestinal syndrome characterized by chronic pain and irregular bowl movement with the absence of organ cause. IBS could be diarrhea-predominate or constipation-predominate. One of the pathophysiology that thought to cause IBS diarrhea-predominate (IBS-D) is a high level of serotonin especially after the meals. There are two type of serotonin that involve in the gastrointestinal system, type 3 (HT3) and type 4 (HT4). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of ondansetron, which is a selective 5-HT3-receptor antagonist that have been used as antiemitc agent, in the treatment IBS-D.
Indigestion Tablets Investigation Aim: My aim of this investigation is to find out the composition of tablets which are for indigestion and compare their prices. I will find out the indigestion tablet which reacts and dissolves quickly with Hydrochloric Acid and produces more bubbles. Introduction: Indigestion, also known as upset stomach or dyspepsia, is discomfort or a burning feeling in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by nausea, abdominal bloating, belching, and sometimes vomiting. Indigestion might be caused by a disease in the digestive tract, but for many people, it results from eating too much, eating too quickly, eating high-fat foods, or eating during stressful situations. Smoking, drinking too much alcohol, using medications that irritate the stomach lining, being tired, and having ongoing stress can also cause indigestion or make it worse.
Omeprazole belongs to the family of medications called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It slows or prevents the production of acid within the stomach and is used to treat conditions where reduction in acid secretion is required for proper healing including stomach and intestinal ulcers (gastric and duodenal ulcers), the prevention and treatment of ulcers associated with medications known as NSAIDs, reflux oesophagitis, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, heartburn, and gastro oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Omeprazole, like other proton-pump inhibitors, blocks the enzyme in the wall of the stomach that produces acid. By blocking the enzyme, the production of acid is decreased, and this allows the stomach and oesophagus to heal. This essay will discuss the therapeutic effect and uses of Omeprazole, its mechanism of action, administration and dosage, dose-related and non-d...
As elements get heavier the ratio of neutrons:protons moves away from being 1:1, Bands of instability surround the band of stability showing where the neutron:proton ratios are either to great or too small,
“Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop in the lining of the stomach, esophagus, and small intestine as a result of an imbalance of hydrochloric acid and pepsin. These acidic digestive juices are secreted by the cells of the stomach. Named for where they are found, “peptic ulcers are a very common and often reoccurring health problem, and it is estimated that more than 20 million Americans will experience a peptic ulcer in their lifetime” (Cleveland).
For nuclear fusion to occur, nuclei must have very high kinetic energies that will exceed the electrostatic repulsion between the nuclei. The extremely high temperature of the sun causes electrons to be stripped o...