The United States had been the world’s leading producer of paper until it was overtaken by China in 2009. The paper industry is dominated by North American, Northern European and East Asian countries. Paper is discovered by the Chinese 2000 years ago, it has been used ever since as a communication medium. Paper is always around with people and paper is actually documenting the world. It plays a vital role as a passport to knowledge, a storage medium, a persuasive tool and an entertaining art form. Paper is a sustainable resource and permanent document. It is the universal medium on which to chronicle every day history which carries the past. Papermaking today is a large, capital-intensive industry, characterized by high speed machines and complex systems of control for manufacture. Papermaking is produced through several processes. As elaborated by Adanur (1997), there are fiber supply, kraft pulping, mechanical pulping, bleaching, preparation paper making, paper is formed (refer to Figure 1 in Appendix 1).
Firstly, the fiber is harvested from timberland. In general, harvesting during the dormancy yields the most papermaking fiber. The collection of fiber supply originates from three main sources of plant fiber used in papermaking: wood chips, sawdust and old corrugated containers. During this stage, paper industry converts cellulose fiber into pulps. About 95% of fiber is extracted from the wood which is then reduced to fiber by mechanical means, the balance are from waste paper and a small quantity of sawdust and old corrugated containers which are required to process to obtain individual fiber for papermaking (Minnes, 2013).
The second step in papermaking is kraft pulping. The production of chemical pulp is predominated for kr...
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Bajpai, P. (2011). Environmentally friendly production of pulp and paper. NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
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http://individual.utoronto.ca/abdel_rahman/paper/fpmp.html
Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) is a hard maple used primarily for its lumber and sap. In fact, 9% of the hardwood sawtimber volume in the U.S. comes from this species (5). My client would like to begin extracting sawtimber from her 40 acre maple-dominated stand that has been unmanaged to this point. She sees a market for her sawtimber in the regional flooring industry, but would also like to manage for sustained yield.
A. M. El-Sayed, V. J. Heppelthwaite, L. M. Manning, A. R. Gibb, D. M. Suckling, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 953.
The lignin located in the secondary wall of hardwood fibers has a high constant of syrigly unites whereas larger amounts of guaiacyl unites are present in the middle lamella lignin. The vessels in birch seem to contain only guaiacyl, lignin, whereas syrigyl lignin predominates in parenchyma cell.
International Paper Company is the world's largest pulp and paper company with manufacturing operations in North America, Europe, Latin America, Russia, Asia and North Africa. When it started out on January 31, 1898 in Albany, New York, it was through the merger of 17 pulp and paper mills ranging in size and technological advancement and capabilities. However, even then International Paper was a leader in the industry as the nation's largest producer of newsprint. It supplied sixty percent of all newsprint sold in the United States at the time, as well as exporting its product to Argentina, Australia, and England.
The raw materials are then sent to the production shop to be processed in large containers and under certain conditions for product manufacturing. At this stage of the production cycle, high amounts of energy and water are consumed and wastes are generated. Most of the companies in the industry are aiming to reduce the consumption of energy and water, and production of waste with their sustainability programmes and
Scigliano, Eric. "The Tide of Prints." Technology Review 102.1 (1999): 62-67. Applied Science & Technology Full Text (H.W. Wilson). Web. 18 Nov. 2013.
Cellulose chains are composed of both crystalline and amorphous regions. Breaking of the amorphous portion of cellulose chain is carried out by acid hydrolysis to yield crystalline residue that is CNCs. Hydrolysis largely disintegrates the acetal linkage in amorphous part of cellulose chain while due to long exposure to acid crystalline part may also degrade (Bondeson et al., 2006). Depending on the origin of the cellulose, CNCs of different width and length have been prepared and reported by different researchers. The aspect ratio (length to width ratio) of CNCs have been observed to vary between 10 and 30 for cotton and it lies around 70 for tunicate, a sea animal (Habibi et al., 2010). CNCs of various shapes viz. rod like (Habibi et al., 2010), spherical (Wang et al., 2008) and elliptical (Lu et al., 2012) have been obtained using different acid system and different cellulose origin. Sulphuric acid is the most commonly used acid for hydrolysis of cellulose to synthesize CNCs (Kim et al., 2001; Kupiainen et al., 2012; Lalia et al., 2013; Lu et al., 2012). The presence of bisulphite ion along with H+ ions results in better cellulose hydrolysis in sulphuric acid as compared to non-sulphur acid species like formic acid (Kupiainen et al., 2012). Hydrolysis using sulphuric acid leads to the introduction of charged sulphate ester groups to the surface CNC s (Abitbol et al., 2013; Lu & Hsieh, 2010). These sulphate groups attached to the CNC surfaces results in decreasing the thermal degradation temperature of CNCs (Jiang et al., 2010). To improve the thermal stability of CNCs, hydrochloric acid has been used as hydrolysing agent for hydrolysis of cellulose (Yu et al.,
Paper recycling reduces greenhouse gas emissions that can contribute to climate change by avoiding methane emissions and reducing energy required for a number of paper products.
He used, broken fishnets, mulberry fibers, hemp waste, and old rags to create the paper. In real life, paper from China has been dated as far back as 8 BC. It might even be older than that. What cannot be questioned, is is that the invention of paper greatly spread the written word across China and into the world. Moreover, it was the development of paper that allowed the Chinese to develop printing. They would use wood blocks to do this. This made it easier for them to create standard texts. Therefore help the distribution of important information. It even was the driving force behind the spread of Buddhism across Asia. The Chinese inventions of printing and paper established the importance of the written word for thousands of
Ethanol can be made from many different plant sugars including starch and cellulose. Starch ethanol is the most common biofuel used in the world. It is made from kernels of corn, which is very easy to break down. This means that corn is very easily converted into ethanol. On the other hand, cellulose is not easily broken down into ethanol. Cellulose is found in the cell walls of plants, and resembles plant armor. The cellulose combines with lignin, which makes plants woody. During the process of making ethanol from cellulose, the lignin has to be separated from the cellulose because it is not fermentable. Figure 1 shows the complications of making cellulosic ethanol vs. other biofuels. The question marks indicate where the technology hasn’t
Papermaking had actually been invented by the Chinese but was improved and made more efficient by the Muslim empire. Paper had first been introduced to the empire in Samarkand in around 850 CE. After the battle of Talas against the Chinese in 751, they had taken Chinese prisoners who turned out to be professional paper makers and used them for their advantage. They gave the prisoners space to practice their paper making skills and also learned their skills. They then took those skills from the Chinese prisoners and improved on them to make a more efficient way of making paper. The Chinese first started making paper around 150 CE using mulberry bark. According to Sardar Ziauddin, “The Chinese craft of paper-making introduced in Samarkand could not be transformed into a manufacturing process, not at least because mulberry bark was not widely available in Muslim lands.” With not enough mulberry bark available, The Muslims used flax, cotton and linen rags as a substitute. They also introduced a bamboo mold, “which could be used to drain wet sheets of paper and from which paper could still be removed while still moist.” With these innovations the paper industry was able to spread rapidly. The first paper mill was established in Baghdad in 793 CE. They soon appeared in Damascus, Tiberius, Tripoli, Cairo, Muslim Sicily, Moorish Spain and other parts of the
The bark then is made into wood chips, which are then “cooked” in chemicals, which takes the moisture out of the wood and makes it more biodegradable. After 3 hours, the cured wood chips are cleaned, then sent to be bleached, so that the paper does not turn yellow over time and helps to disinfect the wood, the wood chips at this point become a fiber. The fibers are mixed with water to produce a paper stock, which then goes through a cylinder dryer that presses and dries the paper stock. The paper is creped, which is a process that makes the paper soft. After this the toilet paper is winded around a cylinder, then rewinded around a long cardboard tube, which is then cut into the toilet paper rolls we know and love.
Paper is one of the simple items that is taken for granted in the modern world. From paper money to magazines, and textbooks, it is a fundamental part of life today. This invention has been around for thousands of years, and its beginnings were part of a complex process to create it. The origin of paper dates back to 105 AD in ancient China during the Han Dynasty. The invention of paper had a tremendous impact within China, and subsequently Europe during the Renaissance, due to its ability to spread ideas and information to large amounts of people over great distances.
Paper, a remarkable invention, has truly changed the world. Today, paper is used all day every day, but it was not always such a universal product. It is used for writing, drawing, painting, reading, blowing noses, wrapping presents, insulating houses, and even for currency. Using paper makes life so much easier, and paper even breaks down easily in the environment. People do not often think about how paper got to be so popular and useful, and it is important that they know that the spread of Islamic civilization brought paper to the West. It was actually Muslims who learned how to manufacture paper in large quantities, a technology very important to the spread of ideas in the time of the Golden Age of Islam because paper was important for documents and books. This essay will explore the history of paper, the innovations in paper manufacturing, the spread of paper by the Muslims, and the importance of the spread of paper westward. Paper spread to the West along with the spread of Islam; therefore, paper can be considered when studying the innovations of the Golden Age of Islam because the Muslims are responsible for the spread of the knowledge and technology of paper manufacturing.
There are many industries that have use for methyl ethyl ketone, specifically the automotive, electrical goods, and furniture industries. The main application of methyl ethyl ketone is in the paint and coatings industry which contributed to half the global demand. Methyl ethyl ketone exists in many consumer products available worldwide. A couple of consumer products containing methyl ethyl ketone will be selected and have their chemical composition broken down and analyzed to see what role methyl ethyl ketone plays in the composition of the products.