Dynamics of Change in International Relations The Oxford dictionary defines the act of migrating as meaning: “to move to settle to a new area in order to find work.”1 This seems to be presupposing that the primary motivation of migrants is employment. However, as I will go on to highlight, economic social and political factors in various combinations have always affected the various constant waves of migration throughout history2. I will look at how past and modern flows compare and their effects on global society. There are two main issues around migration: firstly how states can control and regulate migration levels. States are after all sovereign and reserve the right to be able to choose who to allow in and out of its boundaries. The second issue that has come about in the modern era is how to deal with the minority communities that migrants form within host states. This depends on the causes that it perceives the people migrated for and the political, social and economic circumstances of the receiving state itself. If the migrant community has strong links with its previous community in the home state still and actually works to affect political and social affairs over there, perhaps even using the power and protection of the host state, they are known as diasporas. They will be discussed further on. Causes of migration can be divided initially into whether the migration was involuntary, or political due to war, natural disasters, ethnic, persecution, coercion or exploitation, or voluntary. State responses to involuntary migrants are under the ruling of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951. However, all an applicant state is obliged to do is to consider all applications for asylum, not grant them. There is though the clause which states that a host state cannot turn the asylum seeker back to their country of origin if there is evidence their life is in danger. Voluntary migrants on the other hand have no such guarantee as their motives for migration are social or economic, not deemed to be necessary or they are illegal migrants. This definition of illegal depends on the circumstances of the host country and who they choose to allow in according to their laws or not. The mixing of political and economic though would seem to be more inevitable in future as socie... ... middle of paper ... ...ised that monitoring and regulating migration will become almost impossible if the EU enlarges any further. To discourage the right wingers in their country, traditional host states have taken a hard line on migration to maintain social stability. In actuality, it can be argued that by doing so, the governments have undermined the very stability they sought as, people will not stop being persecuted and seeking shelter, whether legal or not14. Works Cited: Sita Bali, ‘Migration and Refugees’ in Brian White, Richard Little, and Michael Smiths (ed.), Issues In Politics (London, Macmillan Press Ltd., 1997) David Held et al., Global Transformations (Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, 2003 S. P. Huntington, “The Hispanic Challenge”, Foreign Policy, Volume 141 (March/April 2004) p. 30 – 45 A, McKeown, “Conceptualising Chinese Diasporas, 1842 - 1949”, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 52, No. 2 (May 1999) p. 306 – 337 Yossi Shain and Aharon Barth “Diasporas and International Relations Theory”, International Organisation, Vol. 57, (Summer 2003) p. 449 – 479 Compact Oxford English Dictionary [http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/migrate?view=uk] 25th November 2004
Foreign policy and Immigration since 1945”. Threatened Peoples, Threatened Borders: World Migration Policy. Eds. Michael Teitelbaum and Myron Weiner. New York: Columbia University, 1995. p.123-124.
Firstly to justify why countries limit their immigrations, there should be knowledge of the different types of immigrants as there are different reasons to leave from one country and move into another. In the last 30 years, the number of international immigrants has been estimated 191 million worldwide, two times as before. As ...
Transnationalism and diaspora have ‘fuzzy boundaries.’ While transnationalism applies to migrants’ durable ties across countries, a diaspora refers to religious or national groups living outside an imagined homeland. One of important features of the diaspora is the refusal to assimilate.
Immigration has undergone much change since the 20th century. However, a lot of the motives behind immigration and adaptation to a new culture and way of life have remained the same.
...dward Taylor. “Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium”. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.print
Knott , Kim, and Seán McLoughlin, eds. Diasporas Concepts, Intersections, Identities. New York : Zed Books, 2010. Print.
Since the dawn of human evolution, humans have migrated across continents in search of food, shelter, safety, and hospitable weather. “Refugees & Asylum Seekers” by Dave Dalton, explores the causes and effects of people migration and the issues surrounding it. This book presents the facts but allows the readers to debate their views and form their own opinions. It includes case studies of historical and present-day examples that highlight important migrations, it features ‘consider this’ boxes to encourage thinking around connected issues such as human rights, racism and integration, and it uses primary source materials (maps, statistics, and timelines support the text) to help bring the issues to life.
Globally thirty million people have fled their homes in search of safety, and for the numerous this safety cannot be granted. A refugee is a term that applies to any person who has a well-rounded fear of being prosecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality and a membership of a particular group or political opinion. Since 1976, twenty eight thousand refugees have arrived in Australia by boat, they account for just two percent of the Australian immigrant intake. The issue of whether we ought to allow refugees into our country is one of the tremendous debates of our time. It’s a significant issue by reason of concerning our fundamental moral and economic questions about not only in ourselves but for the country also. A verity of different arguments have been put forward about this issue. Australia in
There are causes and effects for this issue. One claims, “One is to escape persecution based on religious or other beliefs” (Emigration and Immigration). Others claim to seek to unite with loved ones that have already emigrated regardless of the stage of assimilation (Emigration and Immigration). Also, the article states, “A main motivation of many immigrants is to simply escape poverty and take advantage of economic opportunities that do not exist in their native land” (Emigration and
The question of why we are to have open borders has been constantly asked and is the consternation of many ‘flourishing’ countries that are seen to be the popular destinations for many seeking to escape the struggles of their own countries. The reason for migration includes political reasons, the need for work, and the need to fight poverty among numerous other reasons. The arguments for the duty to have open borders have come from various ideologies; most tend to focus on the ethical reason for an open border; that of recognizing a fundamental human right. There are two central at stake here constantly asked: (i) what can morally justify a state in restricting immigration, and (ii) what gives a state the right to control immigrants?
He defends what he calls a ‘wide reading of a narrow definition’ of refugees. Basically, he argues that a suitably wide reading
Hall, Stuart. “Cultural Identity and Diaspora.” Identity: Community, Culture, Difference. Ed. Jonathan Rutherford. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1998. 222-37. Print.
Australia is a country built on refugees and immigrants from all over the globe, which has formed this multicultural society today (Brennan 2016, p. 48). However, the idea that asylum seekers pose a threat is not a new phenomenon. Fear of invaders has been prominent over time, from the Germans in the first world war, to the Japanese during the second world war. Howards government leached onto these subconscious fears which are familiar to Australian ideologies (MacCallum 2010, p. 7). Since the first boat arrivals on Vietnamese refugees, tighter
Often in our class we have seen various diasporic groups and whether or not they constituted as a diaspora. Melvin (2004) found that a diaspora "is a scattered population whose origin lies within smaller geographic location. Diaspora can also refer to the movement of the population from its original homeland." Many different ethnic groups constitute as a diaspora, such as African-American, Armenian, Italian, and so on and so forth. One of the groups we focused on in the class was the Jewish population and diaspora in terms to them.
Past decades witnessed the concepts of diaspora and transnationalism have served as prominent research lenses through which to view the aftermath of international migration and the shifting of state borders across populations. The research has focused on delineating the genesis and reproduction of transnational social formations, as well as the particular macro-societal contexts in which these cross-border social formations have operated, such as ‘globalisation’ and ‘multiculturalism’. Although both terms refer to cross-border processes, diaspora has been often used to denote religious or national groups living outside an (imagined) homeland, whereas transnationalism is often used both more narrowly – to refer to migrants’ durable