How Lauren may have learned of her Fear of Flying?
How Lauren learned she had a fear in flying? Using the Classical Conditioning theory the possibilities could be endless. Classical conditioning in simple terms is the method in which one determines why and the cause of a condition as well as what has brought it about. There are many stimulus both conditioned and unconditioned that can cause fear or other problems, but the major reason for causes regarding the fear of flying has been mentioned in several articles regarding anxiety disorders.
Fear of flying is created by the unconscious mind as a protective mechanism. When using the neutral stimulus explanation, Lauren may not have had a relevant response of interest. Lauren may have learned something or heard someone from her past that caused the continuous fear. Due to the facts in this case, there’s little information to provide us regarding Lauren. First we know she’s afraid to fly, but we have no further information regarding the condition that caused the fear or the circumstances to what led to this fear. The first step in Pavlov’s theory is trying to discover how Lauren’s fear came about, but without more information one can only speculate or guess how Lauren’s condition developed. Pavlov’s theory states several actions and read actions that could have caused Lauren’s Condition.
The conditioning of the plane could be neutral stimulus, and the activities on the plane is the unconditioned stimulus. During condit...
In this case, Treena develops anxiety from an incident which normally would not elicit a fearful response. This process is called classical conditioning and occurs through paired association and the incident becomes a neutral stimulus. In this case, fear conditioning involves the pairing of a neutral stimulus with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US). The neutral stimulus initially causes no emotional reaction, but after repeated pairings with the unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus triggering the onset of unconditioned stimulus and inducing anxiety and panic (Lissek, Powers, McClure, Phelps, Wolderhawariat, Grillon, Pine, 2015). When symptoms of anxiety is paired with this kinds of uncued panic attacks,
Ivan Pavlov developed a theory called classical conditioning which proposes that learning process occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex like associating the food with the bell in Pavlov experiment. In classical conditioning, behavior is learnt by association where a stimulus that was originally neutral can become a trigger for substance use or cravings due to repeated associations between those stimuli and substance use (Pavlov, 1927).
Our father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Most people in the world know the Lord’s Prayer off by heart. Why is this so? In the main it is because it is learned by repetition. One word follows the next, each word a reminder of the next word to come. This is confirmed when we try to recite the prayer backwards, not possible for the vast majority of people. In a way this is a form of conditioning. In this essay we will explore conditioning, especially classical conditioning and its role in forming phobias. We will also discuss a way of using systematic desensitization to recondition these phobias, which can be quite traumatic to the person that has to deal with these phobias on a day to day basis.
The behavioral perspective is a theoretical perspective that says that abnormal behavior is caused by flawed learning experiences (Halgin and Whitbourne, 2013). B.F Skinner, the most common behaviorist, believed a person’s environment or anything external can influence a person mentally (AllPsych, 2011). The main point of the behavioral perspective is how the environment affects a person’s overall behavior (AllPsych, 2011). The three types of behavioral theories are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and contiguity theory. Operant conditioning is when a person learns behaviors through reinforcement (Halgin and Whitbourne, 2013). Skinner studied operant conditioning by doing experiments using dogs that he placed in a “Skinner Box” (McLeod, 2011). Contiguity theory says that any stimulus and response that is connected will be associated with each other (Ramo and Howe-Tennant). Contiguity theory comes from the work of E. R. Guthrie (Ramo and Howe-Tennant). Classical conditioning is a learning connection between an original stimulus and a naturally evoking stimulus that causes an automatic reflexive reaction. Classical conditioning was the first type of learning to be discovered (Halgin and Whitbourne, 2013). Classical conditioning was also the first to be studied by behaviorist (Halgin and Whitbourne, 2013). Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov (AllPsych, 2011). During Pavlov’s experiments, he would put meat powder in dogs mouths that had tubes inserted in different organs to measure the dogs body responses (AllPsych, 2011). Pavlov found that the dogs began to salivate before the meat powder was presented to them (AllPsych, 2011). He also found that the dogs began to salivate as soon as the person feedi...
This paper will tell the story of why it is important that the criminal justice field have probation officers, and what they do daily for our community. When we think of the probation field, we think that they have it the easiest, but sadly that is far from true. You will learn how hard of a job it can be for probation officers, and just how much they have on their plate.
Macbeth is a very gothic, persistent tale of a great general in the Scottish army who causes his own downfall by listening to the dark prophecies of the three witches and his wife, Lady Macbeth. Macbeth’s self-consciousness fails to play an important part in the murder of multiple kinsmen causing the death of his wife and his mental health. Macbeth is not necessarily a horrible leader; the problem with him is that his ambitions exceed his expectancies. Macbeth’s character has constantly evolved from the point he was introduced into the play. Initially he seems as an extremely humble person, but as he learns more about the prophecies, his hindsight fails to overlook the complications of his ambitions. Macbeth’s faith in the apparitions and the witches ultimately cause Macbeth’s downfall and the unnecessary death of his beloved kinsmen such as King Duncan and Banquo.
The Criminal Justice System is composed of several different fields that include institutions, practices, and systems in which the government mitigates and serves the community by providing safety and security by controlling crimes. As a Deputy Probation Officer in the Criminal Justice System one will be supervising probationers who have been convicted of crimes and sentenced to probation. A Deputy Probation Officer's role requires a great level of compassion, patience, and energy, all while teaching responsibility for necessary life skills. These life skills include communicating, self-control, critical thinking, and problem solving. One must be able to communicate effectively, challenge, and motivate the probationer by teaching a positive way of conduct and how to make better choices in life. The Officer is also responsible providing the offender with the necessary tools for job training, coordinating rehabilitation services, substance abuse counseling, mental health, and other life coping skills.
Behaviorists believe that development is not tied to biologically determined stages. Development results from organization of existing behaviors. There are two categories of learning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning focuses on associations linked to involuntary behaviors. Pavlov is the father of modern learning theory. Through his experiment he discovered that an unconditioned stimulus could automatically trigger an involuntary response. For example, a dog was placed in a dark room and a light was turned on. After 30 seconds some food was placed in the dog’s mouth, stimulating the salivation reflex. This procedure was repeated several times- each time the presentation of food was paired with the light. After a while the light, which initially has no relationship to salivation, produced the response itself. The dog has been conditioned to respond to the light. In Pavlov’s terms, the presentation of food was the unconditioned stimulus. The light was a conditioned stimulus; its effect required conditioning. Salivation to the food was called the unconditioned reflex, salivation to the light a conditioned reflex.
Ivan Pavlov was an influential physiologist, who accidently discovered what’s known as classical conditioning. (King, 2016) When he was conducting an experiment on a dog, in an effort to learn about the digestive system, he noticed that the dog would salivate when meat powder was placed in his mouth. Eventually he noticed that the dog would start to salivate, even when the meat powder was absent. He discovered that all of the stimuli that caused the dog to salivate had a connection to the meat powder. Curious as to why this occurred, he observed the dog’s behavior, and noticed that the dog’s behavior was both learned and unlearned. Unlearned behavior means a reaction to a stimulus that is automatic, such as a reflex. An unlearned response is an automatic action that is caused by the stimulus. In the case of Pavlov’s experiments, that was the dog’s reaction to the food. Whereas learned behavior comes from obtaining knowledge about a stimulus, for example, a child learning not to touch the stove after burning their hands on it. Interested in his discovery, Pavlov began to conduct experiments. In one experiment, Pavlov wanted to cause a dog to salivate by ringing a bell. He wanted to create a learned behavior in the dog. In the beginning, ringing the bell had no effect, so it was a neutral stimulus. In order to cause the desired reaction, Pavlov began ringing
Pavlov’s theory is known has classical conditioning ‘He is remembered for the salivating dogs which illustrates very usefully the central behaviourist idea that behaviour can be predicted, measured and controlled, and that learning a matter of stimulus and response (Wallace 2007:97).’
Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, described a certain form of conditioning called Classical Conditioning. Classical Conditioning deals with individual’s instinctive responses to specific situations and stimulants. This entire method of causing an individual to learn certain responses and ways revolves completely around behaviors that people don’t actually control. It deals with behaviors that people
Classical conditioning is the conditional programming of an organism to respond to a conditioned stimulus that seeks to enhanced and enforce a certain behavior in an organism. This is achieved through the use of classical conditioned stimulus or object that is presented with an unconditioned stimulus in an organism. Classical conditioning involves the use of a neutral stimulus in order to instil a classically generated behavior or response in an organism. Classical conditioning was first advanced by Ivan Pavlov who was the founding father of behaviorism. Behaviorism was a study in psychology that specially dealt with the study of behavior and behaviorism and how behaviorism is achieved in humans.
Classical conditioning can be describe as a reflexive or automatic type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. It was first described by Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), a Russian physiologist, in 1903, and studied in infants by John B. Watson (1878-1958). In the 1920 's John b. Watson and Rosaline Rayner trailed to show how fear can be induced in an infant through classical conditioning. Designating conditional emotional reactions attempt would become the most infamous psychology studies that has been conducted and would be entitled "the case of little Albert”. Watson goal was to get Albert very afraid of the white rat by comparing the white rat with a very loud, clashing
Tragic heroes, who destined for a serious downfall, are the protagonist of a dramatic tragedy. A tragic hero is usually a great hero, who gets the most respect from other people; on the other hand, a tragic hero can also lose everything he gained because of his mistakes. His downfall is the result of a wrong judgment, a flaw which might combined with fated and external forces. The downfall can cause the tragic hero to suffer for the rest of his life. In many literary works, the downfall of the tragic heroes usually happen in their highest point. In the same way, Macbeth is a tragic hero in the play called “The Tragedy of Macbeth” which is written by a legendary writer, William Shakespeares. Macbeth is a great general who gained many respect from the people and even the king. In the highest point of his life, because of seeking for greater power, it created Macbeth’s downfall. Macbeth, a tragic hero, causes suffering for himself and others by committing murders and creating distress, which are the negative effects of seeking for a greater power.
Poverty is an undeniable problem in America. In 2014, 14.8 percent of the United States was in poverty (“Hunger and Poverty Fact Sheet”). There are more people in the United States than it seems that do not have their basic necessities. In an