The Maricopa County animal control has evolved over the last century and the best way to understand animal control is to look at it through history.
During the first quarter of the 20th Century, Maricopa County communities were rural and sparsely populated. Dogs and cats were valued for what they contributed to this rural lifestyle. Dogs were working dogs earning their keep on a local ranch or farm, or they were used for hunting to help put food on the table. Some dogs, as well as cats, were used as mousers to help keep small rodents out of the homes and barns. All dogs were permitted to run at large.
During the third decade of the 20th Century, fee roaming dogs resulted in a dog overpopulation problem, and with it came an increase of rabies; a very real threat to public health. As a result of this problem, state legislators began to establish county rabies and control programs. In Arizona, dogs must be vaccinated against rabies and licensed. Cats are not included in the mandate because cats are not a proven vector for the rabies virus. Maricopa County’s dog licensing program has effectively reduced the incidence of rabies in dogs to the level that naturally occurs in cats, which is very rare.
There have been no laws passed to regulate cats and the impact they have had on the community. Because cats don’t pose a significant rabies threat they are not regulated. An exploding cat populati...
The Marion County Board of Commissioners have been working with community leaders and the Marion County Animal Services department to develop a plan to help eliminate the problems. The local animal control ordinances have been evaluated and revised in hopes of preventing future problems before they develop. The first step was to create an annual “dangerous canine breed” registration fee of $500 for local dog owners that would discourage ownership of dangerous breeds by county residents. Marion County Commissioner Jim Payton stated that, “there is no reason for the public to be put at risk by these animals. We need to make it as stringent as we possibly can to protect the public." (Thompson, “County drops ‘1 free kill’”).
United States. House of Representatives. Committee on Agriculture. “Puppy Protection Act.” Thomas Library of Congress. Government Publication Office. 11 Oct. 2001. Web. 14 Nov. 2013.
Thousands of animals are put to sleep each year due to not having any available homes for them to be adopted. According to Jennifer Sexton and Tom Warhol in Domestic Animal Overpopulation, “The average female cat can produce two litters of six kittens per year, a female dog can produce one litter of six or more puppies per year, making pet overpopulation a significant problem.” Animal overpopulation is costing money and you can help the pets with spay and neutering programs. A new solution is mandatory contracts for breeders and spay and neuter programs. This paper will talk about spay and neuter programs, contracts for breeders, and why some people don’t think animal overpopulation is a problem. Thankfully there are solutions to this issue of animal overpopulation.
UV exposure to skin can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause direct chemical alteration in collagen and increase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production leading to collagen break down. In addition, ROS produce mediators that cause skin inflammation. Vitamin C neutralizes ROS and is equally effective against UVA (320-400nm) and UVB (290-320 nm) that are produced due to UV exposure and causes skin-aging and sunburns respectively. Vitamin C is most effective as it exerts its action interacellularly and extracellularly (7).
The widely known Linus Pauling may have been the first individual to propose the importance of vitamin C as a means of improved health, and a preventive measure of such illnesses as cancer. However, the proposal of high dosed Vitamin C was not received in a positive manner, as it is often considered one of the most controversial proposals in 20th century science. Despite the evidence proposed by Pauling, many scientists of the time deemed this idea as too “simplistic”; the proposal of high dosed vitamin c continued to be ignored for most of the 20th century. It wouldn’t be until Pauling’s death that this subject was viewed in more scrutiny. Many of the findings in the 21st century confirmed Linus Pauling’s proposal of almost 70 years ago. Not only has high dosed vitamin c been shown to be very effective preventive measure, it has also been shown to have anti-cancer properties. These findings have intrigued us to take a more in depth look at the correlation between melanoma and high dosed vitamin c.
According to the article “Pet Statistics” by the ASPCA estimates there are 70-80 million dogs and 74-96 million cats owned in the United States. It is impossible to determine the number of stray dogs and cats, but the ASPCA estimates there are 70 million cats alone that are strays in the US (“Pet Statistics”). The overpopulation of dogs and cats live either on the streets and die each day, they live in a shelter and try to get adopted, but even then they die. The ASPCA states that nationwide about 7.6 million companion animals enter the shelter and of the 7.6 million approximately 3.9 million are dogs and 3.4 million are cats (“Pet Statistics”).
The use of canines in law enforcement is a tool that has been utilized for years around the world. In the 1970's the use of dogs to a foothold in the United States( 2013, dogsforlawenforcement.org). Canines assist local and federal law enforcement agencies in many ways such as locating and apprehending violent criminals, tracking missing people, sniffing out drugs or bombs
Raghavan, M. (2008). Fatal dog attacks in Canada, 1990–2007. The Canadian Verterinary Journal, 577– 581.
Pets have been a part of the American life for forever. It comes to no surprise that the most popular pet in the United States is the dog. There are over 68 million dogs owned with a range of 130 dog breeds. Over the past ten years, it has become clear that the rate of dog bites has steadily been rising. There are over 4.7 million reported cases of dog bites each year in the United States alone. State officials have been hounding the dog world for years over this issue. Instead of blaming certain dog breeds for violence, people should instead be looking at the owners themselves (Pet-Owner Liability).
Before considering possible solutions, it is important for one to understand the difference between pet dogs, strays, and free-roaming/feral dogs. Pet dogs are dogs who are kept in a household or on a property and regularly kept and cared for.
Since the HIV/AIDS epidemic began in the U.S. in the early 1980s the issue of sex education for American youth has had the attention of the nation. There are about 400,000 teen births every year in the U.S, with about 9 billion in associated public costs. STI contraction in general, as well as teen pregnancy, have put the subject even more so on the forefront of the nation’s leading issues. The approach and method for proper and effective sex education has been hotly debated. Some believe that teaching abstinence-only until marriage is the best method while others believe that a more comprehensive approach, which includes abstinence promotion as well as contraceptive information, is necessary. Abstinence-only program curriculums disregard medical ethics and scientific accuracy, and have been empirically proven to be ineffective; therefore, comprehensive sex education programs which are medically accurate, science-based and empirically proven should be the standard method of sex education for students/children in the U.S.
When one hears the three words: vitamins, nutrients, and minerals, they think of one thing-being healthy and noticing what your intake is daily. Nutrition is all about vitamins and nutrients. Firstly, vitamins are an organic compound required by the body in small amounts of metabolism, to protect health, and for proper growth of children. Vitamins also assist in the formation of hormones, blood cells, nervous systems chemicals, and genetic material. There are 13 well-identified vitamins. Some examples of the 13 well-identified vitamins are: A, D, E, and K-fat contained foods, B, C-consumed immediately. A well known and commonly used in commercials for orange juice vitamin is vitamin C. Vitamin C or ascorbic acid is important in the synthesis and maintenance of connective tissues. The lack of vitamin C will result in a sickness called scurvy. Scurvy harms the gums, mucous membranes, and the skin. Another well-known vitamin and is also used to commercial to give more information about this beverage is the vitamin in milk. The vitamin in milk is vitamin D. If you do not drink milk and obtain this vitamin, your bones and teeth will become soft and weak. Lacking one or more of the 13 well-identified vitamins will cause sickness and weakness to your body. Secondly, nutrients are how the body assimilates certain compounds. Nutrients are classified in 5 major groups: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. One of the five nutrients is carbohydrate. The carbohydrate group principally consists of sugar, starch, dextrin, cellulose, and glycogen. In more basic terms, carbohydrates are sugars needed by human and other living organisms. Some types of foods that contain carbohydrates would be candies, ice cream, fruit juice, soda, chocolate bars etc. Lastly, vitamins are connected to minerals. Minerals are also a very important part of a healthy person. There are 11 major groups of minerals. They are: calcium, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorous, potassium, selenium, and zinc. All these terms look very familiar if one has taken chemistry. These are the elements of our world. One of the more common minerals that most people have heard of is calcium. Calcium also helps with the structure and strength of teeth and bones. Vitamins and minerals work together to help humans maintain a healthy body. For example, vitamin D works with calcium to help for and maintain the strength of teeth and bones.
Vitamins, a group of organic substances required in our diets in small amounts for growth and nutrition, are usually found in foodstuffs or taken as supplements. Yet vitamins probably present a wider gap between myth and reality in the layman's understanding than almost any other area of our diet. Surveys have found that while a majority of Americans do take vitamin supplements on a regular or occasional basis for reason of health concerns, there exists enormous confusion about the actual purpose and benefits of this practice ("Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements in the United States," 1990:161). Most people have a recognition that Vitamin C prevents scurvy, that Vitamin A is found in fish-liver oils, or that Vitamin D is found in dairy products; many people believe that Vitamin E preserves youth and prevents sterility, or that Vitamin C can present colds and cancer. Beyond this, however, there is still considerable ignorance and widespread myth.
Pets are very common in households or families in the United States and British Columbia. “Over recent decades, companion animals have become increasingly important in the lives of Americans, More than 63% of U.S. households, and over 75% with children, currently have at least one pet. (Walsh, 465).” These statistics show that pets are present in a household or family’s life. It is useful to have pets around children because they teach them responsibility and help enhance their knowledge. For instance, a family owns a dog and their children may leave their favorite pairs of shoes in the middle of a room. The dog may not be trained yet and ends up chewing on the children’s’ shoes. This teaches them a lesson to be more responsible with their belongings and to put it away after using it. Furthermore, dogs are able to provide protection towards families and homes. They are able to sense when a person is approaching a door, causing potential thieves to run or stay away from a barking dog. In addition, The Waltham Book of Human- Animal Interaction states, “In one study, elderly women aged 65-75 years who had a better relationship with their pets were more likely to be closely attached to their spouses and to be happy (Hart, 21).” It is even proven that elderly woman obtain a pleasant life when having pets around them and help build a stronger relationship with their marriage
Vitamin C also known as ascorbic acid is needed for growth and maintenance of healthy tissues, especially skin, blood vessels, bones, gums, teeth. Vitamin C aids in resistance against infection and healing of wounds. It also helps the body absorb iron from food. Vitamin C can be found in green vegetables, potatoes, tomatoes and citrus fruits such as oranges and lemon. A lack of vitamin C can cause scurvy, iron deficiency and poor wound healing. A healthy diet should include a high amount of vitamin C because the human body cannot produce its own vitamin C.