Atlantic Bluefin Tuna
The Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus is a sleek, fast-moving giant that once lived efficiently in the world's oceans for millions of years. This marvel of evolution has endured countless hardships of climate change, predators, and shifts in prey populations, however, nothing compares to the pressures placed on the bluefin by the fishery today. It is a species in dire need of preservation.
The Atlantic Bluefin tuna cruise the coasts of the Northern Atlantic and migrate as far as the southern coasts of Brazil. Weighing as much as 1,500 pounds, growing up to 15ft in length, and swimming as fast as 50 miles per hour, these fish are built for speed and endurance. (WWW. site, cnie.org) Living as long as 30 years, they reach sexual maturity at approximately eight years and almost exclusively breed in the Gulf of Mexico waters. Spawning is a necessity that involves a community of bluefin and results in a relatively small number of surviving offspring. Once mature, because of their size, bluefin tuna have relatively few predators.(Kumai,1998) Prior to the 1960's this population was estimated to be as large as a quarter of a million, however with the introduction of international interests in canned tuna, the population suffered severely. Today, over 90 percent of the estimated stock has been depleted, and the relentless fishing pressure continues, prompted by the demand of the Japanese market.(Safina,1998)
Fishermen throughout the world are attracted to the bluefin because of its extremely high value. In the beginning, bluefin were fished primarily for canned food purposes, and possessed little intrinsic value within the economic market. Unfortunately this is presently not the case due to minimal supply...
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Armstrong, Gary, and Philip Kotler. Marketing: an introduction. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2013. Print.
In the past twenty years a large amount of bottlenose dolphin have been killed due to the tuna fishery. In the Eastern Pacific swim large schools of tuna, these shoals tend to be under herds of dolphins, for some unexplained reason. Because of this, fishermen can easily find schools of tuna. The tuna are being caught under purse seine nets, which encircles the shoals of tuna and then is pulled back on board the fishing vessel, catching both tuna and dolphin. Initially the mortality rate was 500,000 each year for dolphins alone. Although some efforts are made to encourage the dolphins to leave the net by backing down part of the net, which allows the dolphins to escape, there are still a large number of mortalities (Bryant). On the other hand, in the last few years there has been dramatic progress in stopping the fishing industries from using purse sine nets. It has been found that dolphins are in immediate danger of extinction if these fishing techniques don’t stop.
With a coastline of over 202 000 km and over a fourth of the world’s freshwater resources, it is no wonder why Canada’s fishing industry is a huge part of its economy.1 Canada exports more than 75% of its fish to over 130 countries worldwide. Many of the 7 million people who reside on the coast depend on the ocean’s resources. In total, Canada’s entire fishing industry is worth around 5$ billion dollars a year, being one of the world’s most valuable. However, the coasts have not been treated by respect; overfishing, over consumption, and wasteful practices has deteriorated, not only the industry, but the ecosystems and fish populations. This is a huge global issue; the worldwide collapse of fisheries has been project for 2048. Slowly, as the trends continue, we will inevitably see many fish species start to disappear. In fact, the ill-treatment of species on the Canadian border has already devastated a large specie, the cod.
Accoring to “Overfishing of Blue fin Tuna: Incentivizing Inclusive Solutions,” it is estimated that 53% of tuna is exploited, while Blue fin Tuna have shown a significant decrease in the stock of reproductive Blue fin tuna by 80% since 1972 (Boon 1). By these statistics, it is clearly shown how much we take them for granted. Originally, Blue fin tuna were considered an inexhaustible food supply. However, as time has shown that ignorance really is bliss. If we stop and think of alternatives on how to save the Blue fin tuna population, we would be able to preserve the species for later generations to come.
The basic premise of Harry G. Frankfurt’s, Alternate Possibilities and Morality argues against the idea of the Principle of Alternate Possibilities, which states, that a person is only morally responsible for his or her said action if they could have done otherwise. Although many can agree that this constitutes for an astounding contradiction to the development of morality and choice, I do not believe that Frankfurt’s response constitutes as a genuine counterexample to the Principle of Alternate Possibilities. According to the Principle of Alternate Possibilities the issues that arise is whether there is a presence of freewill and the effect that freewill plays on morality. This idea of the Principle of Alternate Possibilities complements the definition because according to Webster’s dictionary the definition states, ‘freewill is the freedom of humans to make choices that are not determined by prior causes or by divine intervention.’ According to this definition and the Principle of Alternate Possibilities it is agreed upon that freewill is a factor that must be taken into consideration when discussing the value of the actions committed by the individual. Human actions are the primary motives for wanting this concept of free will, and determining its validity as part of the issue of values and the morality of the individual. These motives are the all-important questions of life's meaning and of personal responsibility. Without freewill, we ultimately have no control over our individual goals and choices. If all of our actions were simply the inevitable operation of forces outside of ourselves and freewill is some kind of illusion then to many of us life would seem bleak. However, formulating the concept and proving its validity a...
Harry G. Frankfurt presents her main thesis on ‘’Alternate possibilities and moral responsibility’’ by claiming that the principle of alternate possibilities is false, because he believes that a person is morally responsible for what he did, only if he could not behave otherwise. Frankfurt ensures that what this principle is establishing is an illusion, morally speaking.
...ate Murders of LGBT People." Human Rights Watch. N.p., 16 Dec 2009. Web. 21 Oct 2013.
There are many impacts that fishing and land animal farming have on the ocean, which are detrimental to ocean ecosystems as well as many other aspects of the environment. Overfishing, killing fish at a much quicker rate than the fish can repopulate, is one major problem. Three-fourths of the world’s fisheries are either fully exploited, overexploited, or depleted (Cowspiracy). Researchers have estimated an end of all viable fisheries by 2018 if the current trends of fishing continue (Mason). According to the Monterey Bay Seafood Watch, hundreds of thousands of animals die every year as bycatch, with one of the worst offenders being shrimp fisheries, catching up to six pounds of bycatch per pound of shrimp. Endangered species are also caught, including predators which are important in keeping the balance in ocean ecosystems (Smith). While many organizations such as the Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch recommend consumers to eat more “sustainable” fish, this will not stop the massive environmental impacts. Sustainable fishing for one does not account for the natural flux in the population of species of fish; what is considered a sustainable amount of fish to harvest one year may deplete the fishery in another year (Smith). Sustainable fish also are becoming even less sustainable as companies that label sustainable fish must find more For example, after Wal-Mart pledged to selling Marine Stewardship
In “Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility”, Harry Frankfurt attempts to falsify the Principle of Alternate Possibilities. The Principle of Alternate Possibilities is the principle where a person is morally responsible for what he has done only if he could have done otherwise. A person would be morally responsible for their own actions if done by themselves. If someone else had forced that person to do the action, then the person doing the action is not morally responsible. Frankfurt does not believe this to be true and that the person doing the action is morally responsible. Frankfurt’s objections towards the Principle of Alternate Possibilities shows the refutation of natural intuition and places moral responsibility upon those who deserve it.
The principle of alternate possibilities is the idea that a person is morally responsible for what he has done only if he could have done otherwise. The main purpose of Frankfurt’s argument is to prove that this principle of alternate possibility is false by finding a counter example that proves a person can be morally responsible even if they can’t change the predetermined outcome. To do this, Frankfurt uses a set of thought arguments that approach different scenarios in which a person is placed in a situation where there are a set of conditions for a certain choice to be made, so that it is impossible for the person to choose to do different. However, these conditions do not in any way affect the choice that the person
Kotler, P., & Keller, K. (2012). Marketing management (14th ed., Global ed.). Boston, [Mass.: Pearson.
(“LGBT Rights in Russia”) Homosexuality has been declassified as a mental illness since 1999 and although gays and lesbians are allowed to serve openly in the military, there is an unofficial "Don’t ask, don’t tell" policy. (“LGBT Rights in Russia”) In 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council passed its first resolution recognizing LGBT rights, which was followed up with a report from the UN Human Rights Commission documenting violations of the rights of LGBT people, including hate crime, criminalization of homosexuality, and discrimination. (“LGBT Rights in Russia”) Following up on the report, the United Nations Human Rights Commission urged all countries which had not yet done so to enact laws protecting basic LGBT
Up until the 19th century, blue whales were generally immune from whaling. Not only were they substantially large animals, they were also very quick and agile and were difficult to catch. However, the invention of the steam engine and explosive harpoon allowed whalers to regularly catch this animal (Clapham et al. 1999). During the early 20th century, a whaling ground was opened in the Southern Ocean of which blue whales became the primary target species. Over 360,000 blue whales were kill during that century in the Antarctic region alone. Finally in 1966, the International Whaling Commision [IWC] banned commercial whaling for blue whales (Reilly 2013). Even so, former fleet members of the USSR navy continued to exploit this and other species until the 1970s. In 1986, the species was listed as ‘endangered’ by the International Union for Conservation of Nature [IUCN] (Clapham et al. 1999).
Marine organisms continue to amaze scientists with their physiological adaptations that allow them to live and thrive in the largest unexplored habitat known to man. Carl Zimmer argues that “most fish without lungs die” because “lungless fish pump their blood in a simple loop.” Therefore, fish are restrained by a lack of oxygenated blood flow that the heart can receive and will die if they exercise too hard because the heart simply won’t receive enough oxygen to sustain intense exercise. In order to solve this problem many species of teleosts and chondrichthyes possess adaptations that allow them to continue exercising at extremely high speeds without necessarily dying. Tunas, for example, are pelagic thunniform swimmers that have evolved these special adaptations that allow them to maintain high cruising speeds and high metabolic rates. They possess special adaptations in muscle, cardiovascular, and respiratory physiology that set them apart from many other species of teleosts.
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