The Debate Over Artificial Intelligence
Can machines think? Or rather, can we develop true artificial intelligence in the sense of machines that think and understand as we humans do? This is an interesting problem that is becoming more and more relevant in our lives as computers become more complex and integral to our lives. Two articles, John Searle's "Minds, Brains, and Programs" and William Lycan's "Robots and Minds", present two different answers to this question and also raise several new questions. John Searle takes the position that on one level computers do think - they manipulate symbols - yet on another level they do not think - computers do not understand the symbols they are manipulating to mean anything in the sense that we humans do. Lycan takes the position that yes, computers do think, and that it is quite possibly only a matter of time before a machine can be created that not only looks and behaves like a person, but also thinks like a person. Therefore, Lycan claims, the suitably programmed machine of this complexity is a person as much as you and I are. I fall more on Lycan's side of the argument.
Words such as "intelligence" and "understanding" have variations in their definitions depending on whom you ask. It is often hard to come up with even a simple definition once one delves into the problems at hand. But, since we as humans (in particular Searle) often try to separate ourselves from computers by saying that we understand the meaning of the symbols we manipulate, it is necessary that I give a useful and accurate meaning to the words (or symbols) I will be using.
I define "thinking" as processing information, with any level of complexity. I include in the thinking category a thermostat makin...
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...a human who's body is almost entirely mechanical) are people? If we cannot distinguish their minds from regular humans', then we have no basis for denying that they have the same basic rights. As for the second question, that is much tougher, and he makes the analogy to animal rights, for even now computers exhibit intelligence that is roughly equal to many animals. However, since I have proved my main point, and run over my page limit, I will now bow out. The area of animal rights is still hotly debated, and we still often disagree on many aspects of human rights. These areas are the subject of many papers, articles, news stories, even organizations. Maybe, if only to prevent a repeat of our confusion morally over our sudden ability to clone complex biological organisms, we should start looking now at the issue of "computer rights". It still sounds strange to me.
...derer himself, he compares the guilt of his son’s death to that of fishes incident and how terrible he treated himself because of it.
An African- American euphemism for making love, rock and roll spurred from all genres of music, but mainly that of folk, country, jazz, pop and rhythm & blues (Yorke, 11). It is a type of music that generally involves heavy pounding of the piano, a loud drum beat, saxophone backgrounds and boisterous shouting by the singer. It was a new blend of music emerging from 1948- 1951 as a result of a generation’s need to express their own identity. Originally, rock and roll was performed by black artists because it was a result of the incorporation of a more upbeat background to rhythm & blues. Examples of such artists would be Little Richard and Chuck Berry; both were coined “the fathers of rock and roll” even though they started out as rhythm & blues artists (Szatmary, 16). In context of “Cat on a Hot Tin Roof,” the characters most likely to support rock and roll are Maggie, and Mae’s children. This new upbeat, new- age, gibberish was a symbol of independence, escapism, and rebellion for youths of the early1950’s (Brown, 4).
Searle's argument delineates what he believes to be the invalidity of the computational paradigm's and artificial intelligence's (AI) view of the human mind. He first distinguishes between strong and weak AI. Searle finds weak AI as a perfectly acceptable investigation in that it uses the computer as a strong tool for studying the mind. This in effect does not observe or formulate any contentions as to the operation of the mind, but is used as another psychological, investigative mechanism. In contrast, strong AI states that the computer can be created so that it actually is the mind. We must first describe what exactly this entails. In order to be the mind, the computer must be able to not only understand, but to have cognitive states. Also, the programs by which the computer operates are the focus of the computational paradigm, and these are the explanations of the mental states. Searle's argument is against the claims of Shank and other computationalists who have created SHRDLU and ELIZA, that their computer programs can (1) be ascribe...
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Thinking is just the capability to understand and analyze everything around you and make you capable
John Searle’s Chinese room argument from his work “Minds, Brains, and Programs” was a thought experiment against the premises of strong Artificial Intelligence (AI). The premises of conclude that something is of the strong AI nature if it can understand and it can explain how human understanding works. I will argue that the Chinese room argument successfully disproves the conclusion of strong AI, however, it does not provide an explanation of what understanding is which becomes problematic when creating a distinction between humans and machines.
Harriet Winslow is a character who remembers the story of her adventure in Mexico through flashbacks. Harriet is unmarried when she agrees to go to Mexico to teach English to the Miranda family’s three children. However, when she arrives she finds the country in chaos, and the Miranda home in ruins. Harriet is used by the revolutionary leaders, and becomes involved with a revolutionary general, Arroyo. Ambrose Bierce, the “old gringo,” is a real-life writer whose true identity is not revealed until towards the end of the novel. He is known for his bitterness and cynicism, but after working over twenty years for William Randolph Hearst at a newspaper, a person can understand why. Now he regrets wasting his perfectly good talents on a newspaper company. In the fall of 1913, the old gringo retires to Mexico at the age of seventy-one years old. He is an alcoholic who wishes to find Pancho Villa, and join the adventure of the Mexican revolution. ...
This investigation evaluates the impact of Rock and Roll music on American culture in the 1950s. To assess the extent to which 1950s Rock and Roll music impacted American culture, the investigation focuses on the how Rock and Roll impacted the relationship between teens and their parents, the social culture impact including anti- Rock and Roll protest and the origins of Rock and Roll and how it permeated throughout culture. Actions and events in music that took place before the 1950s will not be assessed in this investigation. A variety of primary and secondary sources were used in this investigation. Two of the sources selected for this investigation, The Pop, Rock, Roll, & Soul Reader: Histories and Debates by David Brackett and A brief history of Rock 'n Roll by Nick Johnston, will be evaluated for their origins, purposes, values, and limitations.
...he reveals his struggle as he “sought with tears and prayers to smother down the crowd of hideous images and sounds with which my memory swarmed against me” (57). His fight with repression was a losing battle as was everyone else’s. They made the mistake of believing that an issue can be buried deep enough in the unconscious to remain hidden forever. Had Freud’s theories been made public a few years earlier they may have realized the irrationality of their actions and that openly addressing troubling material is the only way to resolve it. For as the Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde makes disturbingly clear, small problems can grow into catastrophic ones when they finally break the surface, and they inevitably will as the fog cannot hold forever.
This thesis, therefore, argues that there is a pursuit of “permanence” in Waugh’s personal life as well as in his works. In the opening quote is the Greek mythology that there is the ancient story of King Midas hunting in the forest for the wise Silenus, tutor of the wine god Dionysus. The King manages to capture Silenus at last and asks him what is the most desirable thing for humankind. In reply Silenus la...
The official foundations for "artificial intelligence" were set forth by A. M. Turing, in his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" wherein he also coined the term and made predictions about the field. He claimed that by 1960, a computer would be able to formulate and prove complex mathematical theorems, write music and poetry, become world chess champion, and pass his test of artificial intelligences. In his test, a computer is required to carry on a compelling conversation with humans, fooling them into believing they are speaking with another human. All of his predictions require a computer to think and reason in the same manner as a human. Despite 50 years of effort, only the chess championship has come true. By refocusing artificial intelligence research to a more humanlike, cognitive model, the field will create machines that are truly intelligent, capable of meet Turing's goals. Currently, the only "intelligent" programs and computers are not really intelligent at all, but rather they are clever applications of different algorithms lacking expandability and versatility. The human intellect has only been used in limited ways in the artificial intelligence field, however it is the ideal model upon which to base research. Concentrating research on a more cognitive model will allow the artificial intelligence (AI) field to create more intelligent entities and ultimately, once appropriate hardware exists, a true AI.
If a machine passes the test, then it is clear that for many ordinary people it would be a sufficient reason to say that that is a thinking machine. And, in fact, since it is able to conversate with a human and to actually fool him and convince him that the machine is human, this would seem t...
The mother to child bond has been interpreted to be instinctive to all mothers. Meira Weiss quotes
With stealth technology, many new and extremely effective aircraft have been developed for air warfare. One of the very first stealth aircrafts was developed for Operation Dessert Storm. This stealth fighter jet was the F-117A. The U.S. sent out 43 of these jets, and all of them returned and with not as much as a scratch on them. During Dessert Storm, the F-117A pr...
While working in her own medical practice she began to be interested in how children develop and learn. She loved children and wanted to help them in any way she could. She saw many children in her job and felt a connection with them. She wanted to help them learn. She believed that children learned the most and developed themselves from what they find in their own environments. This made her interested in seeing how a child’s brain works and learns. She studied psychology and philosophy in 1901. She became a professor of anthropology in Rome in 1904.