INTRODUCTION
When the Roslin Institute's first sheep cloning work was announced in March 1996 the papers were full of speculation about its long-term implications. Because of this discovery, the media’s attention has focused mainly on discussion of the possibility, of cloning humans. In doing so, it has missed the much more immediate impact of this work on how we use animals. It's not certain this would really lead to flocks of cloned lambs in the fields of rural America, or clinically reproducible cuts of meat on the supermarket shelves. But it does force us to ask questions about the way we are using animals with new technology, and the kinds of assumptions we make. To create Dolly (the cloned sheep), Scottish researchers simply took an unfertilized sheep egg and removed its genetic material. They then placed the empty egg in a dish with a cell from an adult sheep's udder, which contained a full complement of the adult sheep's genes. Finally the scientists applied an electric spark, which caused the two cells to fuse and begin dividing. The embryo was then transplanted into the womb of a surrogate mother to grow.
The original aim of Dr Wilmut's nuclear transfer work was to find better ways to make genetic modifications in animals, by growing live animals from cell culture. It is very possible that cloning was only a side effect of the investigation and not what was supposed to be the center of this research project. But the ability to clone opens up a range of questions of its own. We can already do it to a limited degree by splitting embryos, without ethical concerns. It has been practiced only to a very limited extent, mostly in cattle. At the moment there is only one set of results in one breed of sheep, and rather little is understood of how it has happened. Different farm animal species differ quite markedly in embryological interventions like artificial insemination and embryo transfer. So it remains to be seen whether this same method would work in any other animal, and without adverse effects. But assuming it could be applied more widely, what are the potential applications in animals? PPL (PPL Thearaputics Ltd, 1997) gives the example that it might be used, say, to clone 5-10 animals from a single genetically modified animal. These would be bred naturally, thus becoming the "founders" of a set of lines of genetically modified animals from who...
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... of other uses, far beyond making pharmaceuticals in sheep, and possibly of disturbing ethical implications.
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Campbell K.H.S, McWhir J., Ritchie W.A. and Wilmut I. (1996) Sheep Cloned by Nuclear Transfer From a Cultured Cell Line. Nature Vol. 380, pp. 64-66.
Klug W.S. and Cummings M. R. Essential of Genetics. Second edition. Prenctice Hall. Inc. 1996. pp. 492-508.
Morrison R. S., Meier D.E., Cassel C. K. (1996) When Too Much Leaves Too Little. New England Journal of Medicine: Clinical Problem Solving Volume 335, Number 23.
PPL Theraputic Ltd.- (1997) Animal Cloning News.(WWW) http://www.cabi.org/whatsnew/ cloneani.htm#2.
Uhl. J. Marketing of Food Products. Eighth Edition. Harp Inc. 1997 pp. 123-154.
Waalen J. (1997) Genetic Testing Opens Brave New World. Annals of Internal Medicine: Perspective Vol.29 pp22-4.
It’s important that Zebra Mussels are dealt with great care. Zebra Mussels get their food and energy from filtering water. Nearly a quart can be filtered by and adult Zebra Mussel (“Zebra Mussels,” 2013, para. 5). So if there was an infestation of Zebra Mussels in a lake they could filter a lo...
Creatine is one of the most popular sports supplements on the market and is used by bodybuilders, and athletes. It is an amino acid, like the building blocks that makes up proteins. It is also an important store of energy in muscle cells. Creatine is a natural nutrient found in our bodies and in the bodies of most animals. It can also be found in the form of a powder and sold as a supplement. Creatine is categorized as a food supplement by the Food and Drug Administration, like a vitamin and is available over the counter at drug stores and nutrition centers. Approximately 95% of the body’s creatine supply is found in the skeletal muscles. The remaining 5% of creatine is scattered throughout the rest of the body, with the highest concentration in the heart, brain, and testes. The human body gets most of the creatine it needs from food or dietary supplements.
The zebra mussel is a small freshwater mussel, this species was originally native to the lakes of southern Russia. From their first appearance in American waters in 1988, zebra mussels have spread to a large number of waterways, including Lake Simcoe in the Great Lakes region and the Mississippi, Cumberland, Ohio, Tennessee, Michigan, Colorado, and Arkansas Rivers. Unfortunately, the invasion of the Zebra Mussel continues. For instance, in 2009 the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation confirmed that zebra mussels had been found in Laurel Lake in the Berkshires. That same year the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources announced that live zebra mussels have been found in Pelican Lake, Minnesota. This was the first confirmed sighting in the Red River Basin, which extends across the international border into the province of Manitoba. In July, 2010, the North Dakota Game and Fish Department confirmed the presence of zebra mussel in the Red River. As recently as 2010 California similarly reported invasions. In 2011 an invasion of the mussels has resulted in reduced water supplies during a drought year, worsening water restrictions across the Dallas area. However, it has been accidentally introduced in many other areas, and has become an invasive species in many different countries worldwide.
Zebra mussels have now found there way to the United States originating from the Caspian Sea and sought habitation, originally, in Lake St. Claire when ballast water brought them in. From there, zebra mussels have spread and have caused havoc to the environments and its biodiversity, specifically, Presque Isle. Zebra mussels are filter feeders of zooplankton and phytoplanktons, making the water appear clearer, but not cleaner. They have negatively impacted the existence of clams, walleye and several other organisms. In order to preserve the biodiversity of Presque Isle, zebra mussels must be culled and controlled. Several methods that can be utilized to achieve this goal is by chlorination, poison, scraping, etc.
They are many different forms of poems that writers make. Poems are meant to read in order to go beyond traditional form of thinking. The poem “Read This Poem from the Bottom up” by Ruth Porritt is a reverso poem in which you can read the poem from bottom up to top down. This would be consider a free verse poem and yet saying it’s a free verse could be consider an oxymoron to free verses because it must have the same words to read from the top down to bottom up. This poem has all the ingredients to be consider a good poem. The purpose of the poem is to break traditional form of thinking and challenge the narrator to break the rules of how poem can be written.
The human body gets most of the creatine it needs from food or dietary supplements. Creatine is easily absorbed from the intestinal tract into the bloodstream. Rich dietary sources of creatine include red muscle meats (beef) as well as fish. Creatine, however, is sensitive to heat and cooking, and the full amounts available in these food sources may be reduced during normal preparation. When dietary consumption is inadequate to meet the body's needs, a limited supply can be synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine and methionine. This creatine production occurs in the liver, pancreas and kidneys.
Also, it takes years to replenish the biodiversity of a lake after it has been infested by zebra mussels. Although little can be done to restore a body of water after zebra mussels have moved in, you can help stop the spread of zebra mussels. Proper cleaning of equipment, disposing of unused bait, and letting equipment dry completely dry before placing it in another body of water will effectively remove any traces of adults, larvae, and zebra mussel eggs and stop them from spreading to the next place you take your boat
Before Dolly the cloned sheep made news headlines, the same researchers had only the year before raised seven other sheep from oocytes whose nuclei had been replaced with nuclei from either fetal or embryonic tissue.1 This created a minor stir as this is the "first report to [their] knowledge, of live mammalian offspring following nuclear transfer from an established cell line."1 The implications of this is that they have provided techniques to analyze and modify gene functions in sheep (By providing clones of the same sheep).1 The key to their success is the "serum starvation" that the donor cell undergoes, to force the donor cell into a 'quiescent' state, so that it is not replicating its DNA or dividing. This possibly makes the nucleus more susceptible to re-programming by the recipient egg cell.
Primarily lifters and athletes take creatine to get ahead of the competition. In an article written by Nancy Ling, she mentions how in the Olympic games from 1964-1994 Soviet Union powerlifters consumed creatine to get an edge on the competition and had great success from it. ("Creatine? Is It Worth the Risk?"). Also in the article, Nancy stressed the importance of taking the correct amount of creatine because it can help prevent kidney and liver problems. On the other side, consuming creatine can be dangerous if you are prone to having seizures, blood clots, or cardiac
Cloning is a recent innovative technique the National Institute of Health defines as a process employed to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity. Depending on the purpose for the clone, human health or even human life can be improved or designed respectively. “Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is the most common cloning technique. SCNT involves putting the nucleus of a body cell into an egg from which the nucleus has been removed."^1 From this technique, an embryonic cell is activated to produce an animal that is genetically identical to the donor. Today, human cloning still remains as a vision, but because of the success of Dolly, the lamb, researchers are becoming more confident in the ability to produce a genuine
This invasive species came here from Europe in ballast tanks during the 1980’s. The water was taken onboard in ballast tanks of ships coming from Europe, and brought all the way here and dumped in our waters. Zebra mussels can be as small as sand grains before they grow, so they were easily transported here. (Guiberson 35) Ever since then, the zebra mussels have become a nuisance to native species, as well as factories, and also a huge threat to the ecosystem. (Harmful Aquatic
This essay will be divided into three distinct sections. First, I will begin by elucidating upon the origin of the film. This is to say, I will explain the development of the film in the writing stage, and the background of the directors and
When the news first came out in 1996, Dolly the sheep was a global phenomenon. After 277 attempts, she was the first mammal cloned from an udder cell taken from an adult sheep (Lerner 2014). The success of this experiment paved the way into the world of animal cloning for many researchers and scientists to search for multiple uses that cloning could provide. However, cloning also comes with complications and obstacles to overcome. The many methods, benefits, and successes of animal cloning have proved that this could someday become a norm in the world, but, by looking at some of the problems with cloning, it could also be an idea that could never make the big leagues.
The term clone is commonly denoted as a genetically identical organism. In today’s world, cloning is thought to only happen to humans in films or shows, but in the real world, the cloning of animals is something that exists today. Animal Cloning became a relative topic among scientists after the success of the first cloned large mammal, Dolly the sheep, using a technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer. The success of cloning a large mammal opened up various possibilities that could come from this. The cloning of animals would be beneficial to both animals and humankind because it would have numerous valuable applications that could be used today and in the future.
...d women’s biological purpose has provided men a source of comparative advantage in work. It is, therefore, natural for most companies to think that women cannot be as capable as men in terms of assuming strenuous or challenging positions because women, by default, become less participative and more vulnerable when they start to have family and children. Apparently, this situation has led to various gender discriminations in the labor market.