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stereotypes of minorities in the media
how media makes stereotypes
stereotypes of minorities in the media
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This paper will show that the stereotype of the violent, criminal African-American portrayed in rap music lyrics can become a self-fulfilling prophecy for African-Americans. Repeated and long-term exposure to this stereotypical behavior in rap music lyrics can lead to increased aggression and this stereotype becoming accepted as a social norm by African-Americans. I intend to support my argument with examples and analysis of the violent African-American stereotype, and by explaining how the stereotype can become accepted as a social norm.
The violence that permeates rap lyrics should come as no surprise because music is only one of the numerous forms of media, and violence in the media is often described as being too prevalent. The myth, “Media violence is only a reflection of violence in society,” can be refuted in different ways. One method is to use real world statistics of crime and violence and compare them to statistics of crime and violence in the media. An estimated 25 million acts of violence occur in television annually, compared to 1.5 million acts of violence in society (Potter 50). This comparison shows that “violent crime is much more frequent on TV than in real life” (Potter 50). Television depicts murder and assault as the two most frequent acts of crime, while real world statistics show that burglary and larceny “are the two most prevalent crimes” (Potter 50). The rates of violent crime in television news shows over-represent the rate of violent crime in the real world (Potter 56), and television news shows under-represent the percentage of male crime victims while over-representing the percentage of female crime victims. After examining these facts, it is obvious that the statement, “Medi...
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... viewed as what it is—a false representation of reality, instead of a true representation of rea
Works Cited
Bernd, Simon, and David L. Hamilton. “Self-Stereotyping and Social Context: The Effects of Relative In-Group Size and In-Group Status.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66.4 (1994): 699-711.
Chappell, Kevin. “What’s wrong (and right) about black music.” Ebony September 1995: 25-28.
Christenson, Peter G., and Donald F. Roberts. It’s Not Only Rock & Roll. New Jersey: Hampton Press, Inc., 1998.
Ehrlich, Paul R. Human Natures. Washington, D.C.: Shearwater Books, 2000.
Kitwana, Badari. The Rap on Gansta Rap. Chicago, Illinois: Third World Press, 1994.
Potter, W. James. On Media Violence. California: Sage Publications, Inc., 1999.
Steele, Claude. “A Threat in the Air.” American Psychologist 52 (May 1997): 613-627.
When one examines managed health care and the hospitals that provide the care, a degree of variation is found in the treatment and care of their patients. This variation can be between hospitals or even between physicians within a health care network. For managed care companies the variation may be beneficial. This may provide them with opportunities to save money when it comes to paying for their policy holder’s care, however this large variation may also be detrimental to the insurance company. This would fall into the category of management of utilization, if hospitals and managed care organizations can control treatment utilization, they can control premium costs for both themselves and their customers (Rodwin 1996). If health care organizations can implement prevention as a way to warrant good health with their consumers, insurance companies can also illuminate unnecessary health care. These are just a few examples of how the health care industry can help benefit their patients, but that does not mean every issue involving physician over utilization or quality of care is erased because there is a management mechanism set in place.
Response to Intervention (RtI) is a framework based off the problem solving method that integrates assessment, and targeted instruction, within a multi-tiered intervention system. Implementation of RtI in schools is crucial to identify which students need additional intervention that will help increase their literacy skills, and prevent them from falling behind. RtI is based off multi-leveled tiers that are each categorized by the intensity of the intervention that is being used. The RtI framework is also used as a valued tool in monitoring and improving student behavior in the classroom through a model known as Positive Behavioral Intervention Support (PBIS).
Health Maintenance Organizations, or HMO’s, are a very important part of the American health care system. Also referred to as managed care programs, HMO's are combinations of doctors and insurance companies that are formed into one organization. This organization provides treatment to its members at fixed costs and decides on what treatment, if any, will be given based on the patient's or doctor's current health plan. Sometimes, no treatment is given at all. HMO's main concerns are to control costs and supposedly provide the best possible treatment to their patients. But it seems to the naked eye that instead their main goal is to get more people enrolled so that they can maintain or raise current premiums paid by consumers using their service. For HMO's, profit comes first- not patients' lives.
Jean Kilbourne, a media specialist, raises an interesting point in one of her lectures when she states, “The average American is exposed to 3000 advertisements per day. Yet, everyone in America still feels personally exempt from the media. They say, “I don’t pay attention to ads. I just tune them out. They have no effect on me.”” She later states most of the people who have said this to her were wearing Gap™ tee-shirts. Whether people realize it or not, there is a direct correlation between the media and an individual’s identity. Along with products, the media also sells values, views, images, and concepts of normalcy. The media tells us who we are and who we should be. Unfortunately, many times the media tells us things that have a major negative impact on individual and collective identity. Without the media, we would see a positive shift in the way people view themselves as individuals and as a collective.
Managed care consists of HMO’s, PPO’s, IPA‘s, PSO‘s, and the PHO’s. Managed care is an insurance that goes along with financing and quality health care. Medicaid and HMO’s one of the biggest problems is finding doctors that are in the network on which means doctors that are members of the health plan. These are afford to help lower expenses and help to get quality care.
Managed care dominates health care in the United States. It is any health care delivery system that combines the functions of health insurance and the actual delivery of care, where costs and utilization of services are controlled by methods such as gatekeeping, case management, and utilization review. Different types of managed care plans came into development by three major factors. These factors include choice of providers, different ways of arranging the delivery of services, and payment and risk sharing. Types of managed care organizations include Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) which consist of five common models that differ according to how the HMO is related to the participating physicians, Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs), Exclusive Provider Organizations (EPO), and Point of Service Plans (POS). `The information management system in a managed care organization is determined by the structure of the organization' (Peden,1998, p.90). The goal of a managed care system is to provide subscribers and dependants with needed health care services at the lowest possible cost. Certain managed care plans also focus on prevention by trying to keep members healthy.
A race issue that occurs within the rap and hip-hop musical genre is the racial stereotypes associated with the musical form. According to Brandt, and Viki rap music and hip- hop music are known for fomenting crime violence, and the continuing formation of negative perceptions revolving around the African-American race (p.362). Many individuals believe that rap and hip-hop music and the culture that forms it is the particular reason for the degradation of the African-American community and the stereotypes that surround that specific ethnic group. An example is a two thousand and seven song produced by artist Nas entitled the N-word. The particular title of the song sparked major debates within not only the African-American community thus the Caucasian communities as well. Debates included topics such as the significance and worth of freedom of speech compared with the need to take a stand against messages that denigrate African-Americans. This specific label turned into an outrage and came to the point where conservative white individuals stood in front of the record label expressing their feelings. These individuals made a point that it is because artists like Nas that there is an increase in gang and street violence within communities. Rap and hip-hop music only depicts a simple-minded image of black men as sex crazed, criminals, or “gangsters”. As said above, community concerns have arisen over time over the use of the N-word, or the fact that many rappers vocalize about white superiority and privilege. Of course rap music did not develop these specific stereotypes, however these stereotypes are being used; and quite successfully in rap and hip-hop which spreads them and keeps the idea that people of color are lazy, all crimin...
Rap music from the 1990’s to the year 2000 is known in hip hop as “the golden era”. This era is all about individuality and innovation of creating music in one of the newest musical art forms. Rap music started out as the expression of young black youths in the inner city of New York. Rap music is rhymed storytelling accompanied by highly rhythmic, electronically based music. It began in the mid-1970s in the South Bronx in New York City as a part of hip hop, composed of graffiti, breakdancing, and rap music. From the outset, rap music has articulated the pleasures and problems of black urban life in contemporary America. Rappers speak with the voice of personal experience, taking on the identity of the observer or narrator. Rap music has lost a lot of it purity and essence due to the multimillion dollar business. Rap music is always critizied because of it’s violent and sexual nature but its just reporting what is views in this cold world.(Rose, 1994)
However, just this year a song by Miley Cyrus sparked a “twerking” outbreak, and there simply is no denying the impact it had on teenagers throughout the entire country. The problem, though, is that hip-hop music promotes things far worse than the provocative dancing that was advocated in Cyrus’s song. Others argue that culture is not actually being affected by the music, and it is actually the opposite. They claim that the lyrics in hip-hop music are poetry of the streets, and it embodies black victimhood in the ghetto. However, if we accept this, we are accepting the fact that the “ghetto life” is so hopeless that an explosion of violence is justified. By encouraging rappers that promote this type of behavior we are deeming the behavior acceptable just because the “ghetto life” is tough. However, rape and murder should never be seen as acceptable, and nor should the advocacy of it
In order to assess the impact of hip-hop on criminal activities, this essay examined data from major hip-hop sites such as Hip-hop DX, rap basement, and rap rehab. Information on these websites revealed that the hip-hop culture accommodates violence throug...
Throughout the history of civilization, mankind has been subject to incredible amounts of trends, social experiments, and cultural movements. For example, a rush of Western movies in the late 1960’s lead to a rise in the prominence of Western fanatics. Perhaps the biggest movement of the 21st century, Hip-Hop culture has risen to a zenith throughout the world. Due to the initiation of “Gangster Rap”, however, Hip-Hop culture has seen a shadow of disdain and is often wrongly blamed for a multitude of crimes. Through observation, it is evident that Hip-Hop culture does not promote violence, but freedom.
Morrison, Brent. “Violent Rap Lyrics Can Encourage Violent Behavior.” Popular Culture. Ed. John Woodward, Farmington Hills, MI: Thompson Gale, 2005. 138-140.
Have you ever watched a rap song’s music video? If yes, what did you notice about it? The amount of drugs, alcohol, and violence in it, or the swearing, stacks of money, and highly expensive items? Rappers mainly associate their music with very negative aspects to life. A great example of this is the excessive talk of alcohol and drug abuse throughout their music. Drugs and alcohol are both substances which humans use in order to become intoxicated. With a boundless use of either substance, it can lead to overdose and even bring irreversible effects onto the user, such as organ damage, and in extreme cases, death. However, in rap music, drugs and alcohol are commended. This gives teenagers the impression that substance abuse is fun and cool. This contributes to the curiosity youth will have about drugs and alcohol, and can influence them to begin experimenting. On top of that, the rap industry likes to incorporate much violence and glamorize gang life in their music. For instance, many rap artists have taken part in the west coast versus east coast rivalry. This rivalry has led to the deaths of several famous rap artists, including Tupac Shakur and The Notorious B.I.G. The type of behaviour shown inside the rivalry influences teenagers to believe that a violent, gang related lifestyle is okay, when in fact it is
Buying and owning your home is part of the American dream. Although the dream itself has since changed, the home still remains the main focal point. Today owning a home doesn’t necessarily mean a house. People now buy duplexes, cooperative apartments, and condominiums. For some families it could take up to a couple of generations before it’s able to have the capabilities of buying a home. To many people it means a certain achievement that only comes after years of hard work. It is a life altering decision and one of the most important someone can make in their lifetime. The reasons behind the actual purchase could vary. Before anything is done, people must understand that it’s an extraneous process and it is a long term project.
The Hypocrisy of Hip-Hop The world screams subliminal messages that attack the subconscious mind on a daily basis; whether it is on the radio on the way to a football game, or quietly in the background of every department store worldwide. The sounds of the trendiest songs always blare in the ears of every individual. The music that we listen to and the messages that their lyrics send have a deeper meaning; they are meant for one thing: to control our actions and emotions. Unbeknowest to the majority of its listeners, certain aspects of music have the ability to affect our actions and emotions through our subconscious mind.