Lyndon Johnson and the Tonkin Gulf Resolution
The official rhetoric of Lyndon Johnson’s administration
portrayed the Gulf of Tonkin incident as an unprovoked and malicious
attack on U.S. ships by the armed forces of North Vietnam, as a
result of which the President needed the power to deal militarily
with the North Vietnamese. The Gulf of Tonkin incident explicitly
encompasses military actions on August 2, and alleged actions on
August 4, 1964, between North Vietnamese torpedo patrol boats and
United States destroyers and aircraft off the coast of North Vietnam.
President Johnson and many top administration officials declared that
the United States was innocent of any aggressive offensive maneuvers
against the North Vietnamese, and that the attack on two U.S. destroyers
was an unexpected slap in the face. In reality, however, the opposite
of the administration’s claims was true. Through a period of years,
and especially throughout the nine months prior to the incident in the
Gulf of Tonkin, there was thick and constant U.S. involvement with
the South Vietnamese, who conducted many joint offensive operations
against North Vietnam.
This paper will show just how intensely the United States was
involved in covert military action against North Vietnam in the ninemonth
period (Lyndon Johnson’s first nine months as President) leading
up to the Gulf of Tonkin incident. Further, it will demonstrate that
the second alleged attack (August 4) by the North Vietnamese in the
Gulf of Tonkin never occurred, but was fictionalized by the Johnson
administration in order to ask Congress to give the President the
authority to conduct overt military operations against North Vietnam.
The idea for the Tonkin Gulf Resoluti...
... middle of paper ...
...Secret Side of the Tonkin Gulf
Incident, “Naval History, August 1999,” Annapolis MD: U.S. Naval
Institute, 2002, <http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/Articles99/
NHandrade.htm> (5 December 2002).
8 The Secret Side of the Tonkin Gulf Incident.
9 Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 2.
10 Ibid., 3.
11 Ibid., 5, 6.
12 Ibid., 5.
13 National Security Action Memorandum No. 280, Lyndon Baines Johnson
Library and Museum-National Archives and Records Administration,
<http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/NSAMs/
nsam280.asp> (5 December 2002).
14 Ibid.
15 Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 6.
16 Ibid., 6.
17 Ibid., 6. Emphasis mine.
18 George C. Herring, The Pentagon Papers-Abridged Edition (New York:
McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993), 94.
19 Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 2.
Her goal was to move, not dance. She challenged the notions of what a quote on quote “female dancer” was and could do. Dance to her was an exploration, a celebration of life, and religious calling that required an absolute devotion (pg. 11, Freedman). She considered her dancers “acrobats of God”. An example of a dance which symbolized the “essentialized” body was Martha Graham’s Lamentation, choreographed in 1930, which served as an expression of what person’s grief, with Graham as the solo dancer in the piece. The costume, a tube-like stretchy piece of fabric, only allowed her face, hands, and feet to be seen, and, as Graham stated, “The garment that is worn is just a tube of material, but it is as though you were stretching inside your own skin.” In the beginning of the piece, she started out by sitting on a bench with her legs wide spread and arms held tight. Her head was going back and forth as if she was feeling sadness or maybe replaying thoughts in her head. By the way she was holding her hands so tight and close to her body, it symbolized the deep pain within her––the essence of her piece was grief, and she danced it from inside out. Russel Freedman, the author of Martha Graham A Dancers Life, stated, “She did not dance about grief, but sought “the thing itself”- the very embodiment of grief (p. 61).” Graham, dancing with strength and power, was encapsulated with her movement and was completely surrendered
To begin with, Martha’s desperate effort was one of her strong strengths. When Martha began dance, many people murmured that Martha would fail because she was “quite a few years above the average age of all the other girls in the school” (28), “dumpy, [and] unprepossessing” (28). However, she astonished her dance teachers and others “with her determination to learn and her quick mastery of difficult exercises, gestures, and steps” (30). Martha usually spent her time on the studio alone all day and night, seeking for unique, exotic, and alluring movements of her own. Ted Shawn, Mar...
Eyeball to Eyeball: America, Cuba and The Soviet Union America and The Soviets again using other countries for their own warfare
Saint Thomas of Aquainas may have been one of the greatest thinkers who attempted to bridge the proverbial gap between faith and reason. His Sacred Doctrine which was the initial part of his Summa Theologica was the basis for his conclusion about the existence of God. Aquinas tended to align his beliefs close with Aristotle's supposition that there must be an eternal and imputrescible creator. In comparison, Anselm's impressions were influenced largely by Plato. In his text Proslogion he outlined his Ontological argument that regarding the existence of God. It was simply that God was the ultimate and most perfect being conceivable, and that his state of existing is greater than not existing therefore god, being perfect in every way, must exist. This is where their paths divide, and although they essentially reach the same determination they paint the picture quite differently.
Due to the conflict between his untouched nature and the social norms prevalent in the new society, he starts to challenge them when he experiences the suppression and exclusion. Therefore, his revenge could not have taken place if he were not considered an outsider. And as a result of his revenge, Heathcliff is able to cause drastic changes in the society he enters as an outsider. When Hindley becomes owner of Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff is suddenly degraded as a servant because Hindley still considers him the despicable creature. As Heathcliff is informed of his degradation, he says to Nelly: “I’m trying to settle how I shall pay Hindley back. I don't care how long I wait, if I can only do it at last. I hope he will not die before I do,” (Chapter 7). The compulsion to revenge and challenge the social standards is deeply rooted in his mind due to the humiliation he experiences. Heathcliff’s coming back to Wuthering Heights as a wealthy gentleman challenges the standards that were once set for him. With power and money, he destroys Hindley and ultimately becomes the possessor of Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. This clearly shows that Heathcliff’s essence drives him to challenge the social standards and radically affects the society he lives
Anselm was a stable believer in God, so he wanted to use logic and reason to confirm his forceful faith and clarify God’s existence. Anselm’s argument was given in chapter two of Proslogion. Its main focus was the meaning of God. Furthermore he claims that everyone, whether they trust in God or not agrees alongside this definition. Anselm approves there is a difference amid understanding that God exists and understanding him to be a concept. To clarify this extra, he gives the analogy of a painter. He states that, in advance a gifted painter makes a masterpiece; he can discern it visibly in his mind even nevertheless he knows it doesn’t exist. He comprehends it as an idea. Though, after the painting has been finished and can be perceived by the man in reality, the painter comprehends the believed of the painting and its existence. The upcoming period is the locale that an advocate of God who approves alongside Anselm’s argument will be at.
against insurgents in Malaya, it didn’t work in Vietnam. The peasants resented being forced from their ancestral lands, and consolidating them gave the VC better targets. The program, which had been poorly managed, was abandoned after about two years, following the coup that deposed Diem” (HistoryNet).
Mille, Agnes de and Helene Oblensky. American Dances. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1980.
Anchor: Welcome back, before the break we talked about raising the stakes which included Lyndon B. Johnson who was the president at the time as well as the Gulf of Tonkin resolution. The Gulf of Tonkin was a resolution that allowed the president to have power over Vietnam without congressional approval but with the War Powers act, it turned the Gulf of Tonkin around. Today we will be talking about protests. One of the most famous protests was the Kent State University one because the National guard was called in and then one of the guards shot four people and killed them and injured five more. We also be talking about the Pentagon Papers which when the papers were released, the president tried to block them but that damaged the reputation
This paper will try to discuss the three Philosophical Positions on the Existence of God namely, the Theism, Agnosticism, and Atheism. Why do they believe? Why don’t they believe? How do they believe? What made them believe? Who helped them believe? These are just some of the questions that this paper will try to give answers and supply both believers and non-believers the enough indication that whatever their position may be, the responsibility in their hands of whatever reason they have must be valid and intellectual.
Hindley’s obstructive actions, imposed on Heathcliff’s life, expand an internal anger that arouses as Heathcliff’s time at Wuthering Heights draws to a close. The negligent and condemnatory conditions advanced by Hindley transform Heathcliff’s futuristic outcome and supply him with motives to carry out vengeance on multiple personalities involved in the plot. Heathcliff’s troubled social environment renders it difficult to determine the ethical legitimacy behind his decisions, contributing to the moral ambiguity of his
“Lamentation” is a famous ballet dance choreographed by the eminent Martha Graham. Martha Graham is one of the first generation contemporary modern dancers known for her abstract movements that communicate emotions and feelings. Lamentation means to mourn or to express one’s deep grief. The dance “Lamentation” expresses Martha Graham’s individual pain and suffering during the Great Depression. During WWII, the nation greatly suffered a great despair of deaths, along with sufferings of no food or funds. Lamentation truly expresses the country’s struggle of despair and a search for hope.
The presentation of childhood is a theme that runs through two generations with the novel beginning to reveal the childhood of Catherine and Hindley Earnshaw, and with the arrival of the young Liverpudlian orphan, Heathcliff. In chapter four, Brontë presents Heathcliff’s bulling and abuse at the hands of Hindley as he grows increasingly jealous of Heathcliff for Mr. Earnshaw, his father, has favoured Heathcliff over his own son, “my arm, which is black to the shoulder” the pejorative modifier ‘black’ portrays dark and gothic associations but also shows the extent of the abuse that Heathcliff as a child suffered from his adopted brother. It is this abuse in childhood that shapes Heathcliff’s attitudes towards Hindley and his sadistic nature, as seen in chapter 17, “in rousing his rage a pitch above his malignity” there is hyperbole and melodrama as the cruelty that stemmed from his abuse in childhood has been passed onto Isabella in adulthood.
In Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, Bronte uses the issue of social class to focus in on how an outsider, Heathcliff, is treated when he enters in a new society with a changing class structure to show the idea that class is something that begins with ancestors and current members conform into it is present. At the time, the industrialization of England caused the levees in place to yield to allow for a new middle class. This rise of middle, working class stirs up conflict between the dominant upper class and the rising lower classes. This class conflict, the oppression against the lower classes serves as the basis for Heathcliff’s interactions, treatments, and future tyrannical actions in Wuthering Heights to show the class struggle placed on society by industrialization.
Not only does revenge highlights important events, but also highlights personality flaws. Heathcliff is convinced that Hindley and Catherine are the reason for his loneliness and how he...