Shifting the Medical Gaze: Towards a Feminist Ethic of Childbirth
The term "reproductive rights" has become synonymous with abortion rights, birth control access, and issues surrounding reproductive technologies, yet the struggle for a woman's right to choose when and how to become pregnant often overshadows a woman's right to choose where and how to give birth. The lack of feminist discourse and activism surrounding issues of childbirth may attest to the hegemony in the modern American birth ritual of increasing medical intervention from obstetricians in hospital settings. There are currently several movements to challenge this dominant birth model--prepared childbirth advocates offer education classes and natural childbirth advocates lobby for the rights of midwives and home births--but I refrain from giving either of these movements a feminist label because neither are invested in challenging prevailing gender ideology or the equation of woman with motherhood. This paper will argue that a feminist discourse of childbirth is necessary by using a Foucauldian analysis to chart the current web of power and knowledge in the American hospital delivery room and how it works to deny agency to women in labor, alienating them from their experience. Recognizing that power and knowledge operate on a myriad of levels and tactics, including counter-tactics, I will not limit my focus to the dominant discourse of medical experts, but also explore what I call counter discourses of childbirth, particularly from the prepared childbirth and natural childbirth advocates. Within this discussion, I hope to offer suggestions on a feminist ethic of childbirth that reaffirms women's autonomy during labor, but does not limit them to prevailing codes o...
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...rs, leaving the narrator and Rob to smoke a joint and watch television. The narrator tells Robert what’s going on in the show and asks him if he knows what a cathedral is, since the show is all about cathedrals. Although the narrator isn’t religious, he draws a cathedral for Robert, allowing his hand to be over his. This would allow him to understand what a cathedral looks like. However, when the wife wakes up and asks what they’re doing, she’s confused when the narrator says they’re drawing a cathedral. Robert asks the narrator to open his eyes, and he never does, claiming he feels weightless, suggesting to himself that he’s reached an epiphany. The narrator’s drawing allows him to see beyond “visibility.” He doesn’t understand exactly what he felt, but he knows it was a meaningful experience. Robert demonstrated that seeing involves a lot more than just looking.
“Cathedral,” a short story written by Raymond Carver, presents an intriguing story of an ignorant man 's lesson. During this story, Carver 's working class characters are crushed by broken marriages, financial issues, and fulfilling jobs, but they are frequently unable to understand or communicate their own sufferings. However, the main story consists of the narrator, known as “Bub,” facing an internal conflict about a blind man named Robert staying the night in his home. Regardless of the fact that this blind man is his wife 's long time friend, the narrator cannot find himself comfortable with such an idea because of his extreme prejudices. Although, despite the narrator’s conflict he finds himself connecting to Robert on a more personal
In the end it is ironic that even though the narrator was attempting to teach Robert something it was the he who seemed to gain the most from the experience. The blind man and their drawing of the Cathedral are able to defy his previous conceptions of life and thus open a vast array of new possibilities. We are left wondering how much more the narrator learned about himself and about human communication than the blind man has learnt about cathedrals.
When Robert asked if the narrator was religious, he confirmed that he was not “I guess I don’t believe in it. In anything. Sometimes it’s hard. You know what I am saying?” (Carver, XXX) It is then that Robert asked the narrator if he could draw a cathedral for him. With the guidance of Roberts hand and encouragement “terrific, you’re doing fine”, he begins. It starts off as a simple box, but the more the narrator draws, the more it begins to look like his own house. The reader can start to sense there is a change beginning to take place “Never thought anything like this could happen in your lifetime, did you bub? Well, it’s a strange life, we all know that. Go on now. Keep it up” (Carver, XXX). He was so overcome with emotion, that when he wife awoke and asked what was going on, he was not able to answer her. He continued to draw, with the encouragement of Robert. At the end of the drawing he was truly amazed at what he drew. When Robert asked him if he seen what he drew, he said “It’s really something”. (Carver, XXX) For the first time, the narrator was able to see with his eyes still closed, what he had in live, as if he had a coming to Christ moment, with him sitting in his cathedral, which was used to be closer to God. It was a freeing moment “But I didn’t feel like I was inside anything”. (Carver,
Abortion is a controversial issue in the United States and internationally even when it is legalized. Though women in the United States are able to receive abortions nurses still have many concerns about the ethical issues surrounding abortion. One of the biggest ethical dilemmas is whether the nurse’s role as a caregiver extends to the fetus. This paper will explore the issues faced by nurses who believe they should care for the fetus. If the definition of a patient includes the fetus then providing abortions is contrary to the nurse’s role as caregiver; however, the mother is definitely a patient and must be cared for as well. It is the nurse’s responsibility to support the woman’s decision so that she may obtain an abortion safely. Nurses who put the life of the fetus first are allowed to refuse to participate in an abortion, but this may affect the way women receive nursing care.
...on to the qualities that he is trying to translate. His vision to the literal world around him has failed him; he now has to resort to the blind man's language of touch. Through the interaction of touching hands and drawing the cathedral, the narrator's blindness is revealed and he no longer feels bound by his world.
Through the traumatic experience of my father’s illness, a positive and optimistic perspective of commitment to nursing career evolved. My journey of becoming a nurse and commitment of shining a bright light on another individual life has been my life long goal. I moved to the United States in early 1980 and with God help and guidance, I followed the nursing career and promised to make a small difference. During my first years as a nursing student, I took a part-time volunteered position as a candy-stripe and a part-time position as a nurse aid in a community hospital to provide relief and support to hospital staffs. I rocked and read poems for babies in the nursery, as a nurse aid I assist nurses with vital signs, blood pressures, fill ice pitchers in patient rooms, runs specimens to labs and sit with patients in the room and feed patients. I still volunteer in my hospital oncology department and the underserved and homeless clinics with several Emory physicians at the Good Samaritan Health Center, Mercy Care and National AIDS Education and Services for Minorities (NAESM) all in Fulton County, Ga, because it gave me fulfillment and appreciative of life
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Birth and reproductive rights have proved to be a much more complicated issue when looking through a feminist, intersectional lense, than how it is perceived by the American public. Bettina gave an enlightening lecture on reproductive and birth rights, explaining all the components involved in birth rights issues; and the intersections of these issues with other issues in feminism. Zakiya Luna Further illustrates this in her essay, “From Rights to Justice: Women of Color Changing the Face of US Reproductive Rights Organizing”. She emphasizes the need to treat women 's rights as human rights. The US needs to focus on tackling and acknowledging these many human rights issues that it is facing.
Carver’s purpose of having the narrator of the short story use imagery allows for the reader to be able to understand each and every moment he lives while explaining the blind man’s, Robert, visit to his home. In Cathedral, the narrator tells the story very detailed and descriptive. For instance, when the narrator describes his wife’s arrival with Robert, “I saw my wife laughing as she parked the car. I saw her get out of the car and shut the door…She went around to the other side of the car to where the blind man was already starting to get out…he was wearing a full beard!” Here, the author makes the narrator describe the scene and details it as if he is describing it to a blind person. Most of the short story uses imagery which makes clear images in the reader’s mind to unders...
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